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neuroanatomy > Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer prevent?

A

ion exchange

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2
Q

what regulates the movement of ions?

A

ion channels

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3
Q

what are the main ion specific channels?

A

sodium, potassium, chloride channels

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4
Q

what is the membrane potential?

A

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron

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5
Q

what will change the membrane potential?

A

movement of ions through the channels

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6
Q

what is the membrane potential of the average neuron?

A

-65mV

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7
Q

depolarization occurs when…

A

the membrane potential becomes more positive

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8
Q

hyperpolarization occurs when…

A

the membrane potential becomes more negative

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9
Q

what are the two ion gradients?

A

concentration and electrical

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10
Q

what is equilibrium potential?

A

when the flow of ions in and out has the same pull

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11
Q

which gradients is sodium drawn in by?

A

electrical and concentration

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12
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of Na+?

A

+60mV

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13
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of K+?

A

-85mV

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14
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of Cl-?

A

-65mV

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15
Q

which gated ion channels are open at rest?

A

mostly K+, half as many Cl-, very very few Na+

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16
Q

what is the sodium potassium pump?

A

ATP activated pump that moves 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

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17
Q

what happens if there is an excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

sodium channels open and will come into the cell to cause depolarization

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18
Q

what happens if there is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

chloride channels open and decrease the likeliness of depolarization

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19
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

when the stimulus is applied repeatedly in succession from one input

20
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

when many stimulus are applied from multiple input sources?

21
Q

what happens when the membrane potential decreases past threshold (-50mV)?

A

creates a sudden opening of voltage gated sodium channels (rising phase)

22
Q

what happens after the rising phase?

A

falling phase
sodium channels are deactivated and voltage gated potassium channels are active, causes rapid repolarization

23
Q

what returns the neuron back to its resting membrane potential after the falling phase?

A

the falling phase undershoots, Na+K+ pump rises the membrane potential back to resting

24
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

time after the membrane potential has crossed the threshold when another action potential cannot begin

25
Q

when will sodium channels reopen?

A

when the membrane potential is below threshold

26
Q

what is the relative refractory period?

A

potassium channels remain open for a moment to undershoot the resting membrane potential, requires a stronger stimulus to reach threshold

27
Q

how is the action potential released?

A

progressively along the axon

28
Q

what helps increase the rate of impulse?

A

thicker myelin, larger axons

29
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin

30
Q

what are signals traveling along the nodes of Ranvier called?

A

saltatory conduction

31
Q

what happens when an action potential reaches the end of an axon?

A

neurotransmitters are released

32
Q

when will a postsynaptic neuron start an action potential?

A

when enough neurotransmitters reach the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

33
Q

neurotransmitters

A

can be inhibitory, excitatory, or neuromodulatory
some have different effects on different receptors
multiple neurotransmitters can be released within a single synapse

34
Q

what are neurotransmitters composed of?

A

molecules or amino acids

35
Q

glutamate

A

most common excitatory neurotransmitter
found and acts throughout CNS
allows Na+ into membrane, leads to depolarization

36
Q

histamine effect

A

excitatory, neuromodulatory function

37
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
found and acts throughout CNS
allows Cl- through membrane

38
Q

glycine action and location

A

inhibitory
found in and acts on the spinal cord, acts on the brainstem

39
Q

what do neuromodulators do?

A

change how neurons function:
change firing rate
synaptic efficacy
+/- currents

40
Q

dopamine location

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

41
Q

serotonin location

A

raphe nuclei

42
Q

where is histamine found

A

hypothalamus and reticular formation

43
Q

norepinephrine location

A

sympathetic ganglia and locus ceruleus

44
Q

where are neuropeptides found

A

entire CNS

45
Q

acetylcholine

A

primary neurotransmitter in neuromuscular junctions

46
Q

what kind of synapses does Ach have?

A

preganglionic autonomic and postganglionic parasympathetic

47
Q

where does Ach have a neuromodulator effect?

A

in small areas of the CNS

neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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