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neuroanatomy > Auditory, Vestibular, Olfaction, and Taste Systems > Flashcards

Auditory, Vestibular, Olfaction, and Taste Systems Flashcards

1
Q

auditory system gross anatomy

A
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2
Q

otic capsule gross anatomy

A
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3
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with

A

endolymph, which has a higher potassium concentration and lower sodium concentration

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4
Q

what is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

perilymph, resembles extracellular fluid and CSF

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5
Q

how is the membranous labyrinth contained in the bony labyrinth?

A

suspended within it by spiral ligament and delicate filaments

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6
Q

how sound waves move through gross auditory system

A

sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane
vibrations transmitted through ossicles of middle ear
base of stapes vibrates at oval window
pressure waves in the perilymph of scala vestibuli
displacement of basilar membrane of the cochlear duct, bending hair cells of organ of Corti to stimulate action potentials
vibrations transferred across cochlear duct to perilymph of scala tympani
pressure wave dissipated by secondary tympanic membrane at the round window

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7
Q

where is the organ of Corti located?

A

within the cochlear duct that is between the vestibular and tympanic canal

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8
Q

what kinds of hair cells are found within the organ of Corti?

A

inner and outer hair cells

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9
Q

what are inner hair cells? what do they do?

A

single row of hair cells innervated by up to 10 nerve fibers
detect frequency and fine discrimination of sounds

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10
Q

what are outer hair cells? what do they do?

A

efferent structures of 3 to 4 rows, with 1 nerve fiber reaching multiple cells
modulate sensitivity of organ of Corti by changing their length in response to sounds

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11
Q

can hair cells heal?

A

no! cannot regenerate either

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12
Q

how are sound frequencies organized in the cochlea

A

low frequencies at the tip of the apex, high frequencies at the base

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13
Q

how can hearing loss occur?

A

can be selective where a certain part of the cochlea is damaged, would only experience hearing loss for certain frequencies

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14
Q

where are cell bodies for the primary sensory neurons of sound located?

A

the spiral ganglion

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15
Q

auditory pathway, DCN

A

neurons sent to dorsal cochlear nucleus at pontomedullary junction
decussate after dorsal cochlear nucleus and ascend in the lateral lemnicus to inferior colliculus
from inferior colliculus, bilateral projections go to medial geniculate nucleus
from MGN, project to primary auditory cortex as auditory radiations

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16
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

anterior transverse temporal gyrus

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17
Q

auditory pathway, VCN

A

neurons to ventral cochlear nucleus
from VCN, bilateral projections to superior olivary nuclear complex
from SONC, bilateral projections to inferior colliculus
from IC, bilateral projections to medial geniculate nucleus
from MGN to primary auditory cortex via auditory radiations

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18
Q

what does the superior olivary nuclear complex do?

A

functions in localizing sounds horizontally in space

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19
Q

where do auditory fibers decussate?

A

trapezoid body
this intersects with the medial lemniscus

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20
Q

where will a lesion be for there to be unilateral auditory symptoms?

A

cochlear nuclei or nerve

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21
Q

past the cochlear nuclei, what would a lesion of the auditory system cause?

A

issues localizing and interpreting sound

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22
Q

what artery supplies the cochlear nuclei?

A

AICA

23
Q

some neurons in the superior olivary complex project back to where? why?

A

to the cochlea
to influence the basilar membrane via outer hair cells

24
Q

where are the secondary and higher-order auditory cortices located? what activates them?

A

around the primary auditory cortex, forming a belt
activated by complex sounds

25
Q

what are the 5 vestibular sensory organs in the vestibular labyrinth?

A

utricle and saccule (linear acceleration and gravitational positioning)
3 semicircular canals (angular acceleration)

26
Q

what are the utricle and saccule?

A

ovoidal sacs of membranous labyrinth, full of endolymph

27
Q

what is the macula of the vestibular system?

A

patch of hair cells in each organ, covered by otolithic membrane

28
Q

what is the otolithic membrane?

A

gelatinous sheet covered in otoliths (calcium carbonate particles)

29
Q

what does motion of the head cause?

A

shifting of the otolithic membrane, deflects the hair bundles and excites the hair cells

30
Q

what do the utricle and saccule detect

A

utricle - horizontal acceleration
saccule - vertical acceleration

31
Q

what do semicircular canals respond to

A

rotational motion in one of three rotational planes - movement of endolymph only

32
Q

what is the cupula

A

gelatinous diaphragm that interrupts the endolymphatic space at the ampulla of each semicircular duct

33
Q

what excites the cupula

A

movement of endolymph against the cupula excites the hair bundles that penetrate the cupula

34
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

bilateral connections with CN III, IV, VI and superior colliculus, influence eye movement

35
Q

vestibulospinal tracts

A

medial (C spinal cord) and lateral (limbs and trunk) tracts influence posture

36
Q

vestibulocolic pathways

A

CN XI nucleus, influences head position

37
Q

vestibulothalamocortical

A

conscious awareness of head position/movement and input to influence corticospinal tracts

38
Q

vestibulocerebellar

A

controls magnitude of muscle responses to vestibular information

39
Q

vestibuloreticular

A

reticulospinal tract influence and autonomic centers for nausea and vomiting

40
Q

what is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

acute onset vertigo and nystagmus following rapid head movement that subsides within 2 minutes

41
Q

what causes benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

displacement of otoliths into a semicircular canal
movement causes abnormal flow of endolymph

42
Q

what repositioning maneuvers are used for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

A

Dix-Hallpike - diagnosis
Epley - treatment

43
Q

why are semicircular canals insensitive to gravitational orientation and linear acceleration under normal conditions?

A

because endolymph and the cupula have the same specific gravity

44
Q

what is Ménière’s disease?

A

aka idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops
increased pressure of the endolymph system, causes expansion of the membranous labyrinth

45
Q

what are the symptoms of Ménière’s disease

A

fluctuating hearing loss
occasional episodic vertigo
tinnitus
aural fullness

46
Q

what does the taste system identify

A

nutrients/toxins ingested

47
Q

what receives information from taste receptor cells? what do they do?

A

primary afferent nerve fibers receive info from taste receptor cells, encode the info as action potentials

48
Q

taste pathway

A

CN VII, IX, X to rostral solitary nucleus
through central tegmental tract to ventral posterior medial nucleus
to gustatory cortex in insular and frontal operculum

49
Q

what are the secondary projection neurons of the olfaction system

A

mitral and tufted cells

50
Q

where do the secondary projection neurons synapse

A

in olfactory glomeruli

51
Q

what does the anterior olfactory nucleus do

A

modulates info in the olfactory bulb, contains bilateral connections via medial olfactory stria
functions in early olfactory processing and feedback

52
Q

what do the amygdala and olfactory tubercle do in the olfaction pathway?

A

emotional, endocrine, and visceral consequences of odors

53
Q

what does the piriform cortex do

A

olfactory perception

54
Q

what does the entorhinal cortex do

A

olfactory memories

neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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