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neuroanatomy > CSF, Vessels, and Higher Cortical Structure > Flashcards

CSF, Vessels, and Higher Cortical Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four regions of the lateral ventricles?

A

inferior, posterior, anterior horn, and body

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2
Q

how is the lateral ventricle connected to the third ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen

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3
Q

what is the third ventricle superior to?

A

the optic chiasm and midbrain

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4
Q

what are the boundaries of the fourth ventricle?

A

anterior: pons and medulla
posterior: cerebellum

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5
Q

what are the apertures of the fourth ventricle?

A

paired lateral, single median

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6
Q

what does the fourth ventricle open to inferiorly?

A

the central canal

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7
Q

what are the cisterns of the ventricular system?

A

lumbar, cisterna magna, prepontine, interpeduncular, quadrigeminal

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8
Q

what does the choroid plexus do?

A

filters the plasma from the blood to create CSF

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9
Q

what is the nutrient more concentrated in CSF compared to other bodily fluids?

A

calcium

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10
Q

what are functions of the CSF?

A

physical support for the brain, excretory functions allow for the removal of water-soluble metabolites, channel for chemical communication

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11
Q

are choroid capillaries permeable? are choroid epithelial cells permeable?

A

yes
limited permeability

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12
Q

what do choroid epithelial cells allow through?

A

lipid soluble substances (O2, CO2)

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13
Q

how is CSF reabsorbed?

A

absorbed out of the subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations?

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14
Q

what is another way CSF can be absorbed?

A

through cervical lymphatics by way of arachnoid surrounding CNs

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15
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

when there is more production of CSF than absorption

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16
Q

what are symptoms of hydrocephalus?

A

headaches, nausea, motor and sensory disturbances

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17
Q

how is hydrocephalus traditionally treated?

A

with a ventroperitoneal shunt

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18
Q

what does non-communicating hydrocephalus indicate?

A

a blockage within the ventricular pathway

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19
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery perfuse?

A

medial frontal and parietal lobes

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20
Q

what does the posterior cerebral artery perfuse?

A

inferior and medial temporal and occipital lobes, posterior thalamus, cerebral peduncles

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21
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery perfuse?

A

lateral frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, insula

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22
Q

what do lenticulostriate arteries perfuse?

A

basal ganglia, internal capsule, amygdala, anterior thalamus

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23
Q

what are the branches of the basilar artery?

A

short and paramedian pontine, long circumferential

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24
Q

what do short and paramedian pontine arteries perfuse?

A

crus cerebri and central pons

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25
Q

what do long circumferential branches perfuse?

A

dorsolateral pons, superior cerebellar peduncle

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26
Q

what does the superior cerebellar artery perfuse?

A

superior dorsolateral pons, dorsal midbrain, cerebellum

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27
Q

what does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery perfuse?

A

inferior dorsolateral pons and cerebellum

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28
Q

what does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery perfuse?

A

superior dorsolateral medulla and cerebellum

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29
Q

what does the quadrigeminal artery perfuse?

A

arises from PCA, supplies sup and inf colliculi, and tectum

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30
Q

what do the posterior choroidal arteries perfuse?

A

posterior thalamus and choroid plexus
there are medial and lateral branches

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31
Q

where does the anterior spinal artery come from? what does is perfuse?

A

from vertebral arteries
supplies anterior 2/3 of sc

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32
Q

where do the posterior spinal arteries come from? what do they perfuse?

A

from posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
supplies posterior 1/3 of sc

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33
Q

what are pyramidal cells?

A

multipolar neurons
main output neurons of the cerebral cortex

34
Q

what is the size of pyramidal cells related to?

A

the distance to its target

35
Q

where are pyramidal cells found?

A

in cortical layers 2, 3, 5, & 6

36
Q

what are the classifications of pyramidal cells?

A

commissural, association, projection

37
Q

commisural pyramidal cells

A

form the corpus callosum

38
Q

association pyramidal cells

A

go to the ipsilateral cortex

39
Q

what do projection pyramidal cells do

A

go to other parts of the CNS (like the sc)

40
Q

what do stellate cells do?

A

project to local targets in the cerebral cortex
modulate cortical activity

41
Q

where are stellate cells found?

A

in layers 2-6

42
Q

spiny stellate cells

A

release glutamate which is excitatory

43
Q

aspiny stellate cells

A

release GABA which is inhibitory

44
Q

what is neocortex?

A

95% of the cortex with six distinct layers

45
Q

what is allocortex?

A

less developed with only 3-4 layers

46
Q

archicortex

A

hippocampus/dentate gyrus

47
Q

paleocortex

A

olfactory bulb/piriform cortex

48
Q

what is cortical layer 1 named? what does it contain?

A

molecular
cell processes

49
Q

what is cortical layer 2 named? what does it contain?

A

external granular
dense stellate cells and small pyramidal cells

50
Q

what is cortical layer 3 named? what does it contain?

A

external pyramidal
loose stellate cells and medium pyramidal cells

51
Q

what is cortical layer 4 named? what does it contain?

A

internal granular
dense stellate cells

52
Q

what is cortical layer 5 named? what does it contain?

A

internal pyramidal
large pyramidal cells

53
Q

what is cortical layer 6 named? what does it contain?

A

multiform
various sized pyramidal cells and loose stellate cells

54
Q

what is the function of cortical layer 2?

A

to ipsilateral cortical areas

55
Q

what is the function of cortical layer 3?

A

to contralateral cortical areas

56
Q

what is the function of cortical layer 4?

A

input

57
Q

what is the function of cortical layer 5?

A

to the striatum, brain stem, and spinal cord

58
Q

what is the function of cortical layer 6?

A

to the thalamus

59
Q

what do projection bundles do?

A

connect cortex and subcortical structures

60
Q

what do commissural bundles do?

A

connect contralateral cortical areas (layer 3)

61
Q

what do association bundles do?

A

connect ipsilateral cortical areas (layer 2)

62
Q

what are examples of association fibers?

A

superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, frontooccipital fasciculus, cingulum, uncinate fasciculus, short fibers

63
Q

what are Brodmann’s Areas

A

52 distinct areas based on histological differences in the cortex, don’t respect sulci or gyri boundaries

64
Q

Brodmann’s areas 1,2,3

A

primary somatosensory cortex

65
Q

Brodmann’s area 5

A

somatosensory association area

66
Q

Brodmann’s area 4

A

primary motor cortex

67
Q

Brodmann’s area 6

A

premotor cortex

68
Q

Brodmann’s area 17

A

primary visual cortex

69
Q

Brodmann’s area 18, 19

A

visual association cortex

70
Q

Broddmann’s area 41

A

primary auditory cortex (extends across transverse temporal gyrus)

71
Q

Broca’s area

A

Brodmann’s area 44,45
inferior frontal gyrus

72
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Brodmann’s area 22,40
superior temporal gyrus and supra marginal gyrus

73
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s
association bundle

74
Q

what is prosody?

A

the ability to translate/produce pitch, volume, tempo, and rhythm
(Broca and Wernicke’s areas on right)

75
Q

what are the reading centers

A

supra marginal gyrus (40)
angular gyrus (39)
word recognition in occipitotemporal gyrus (37)
word vocalization in Broca’s area (44)
writing in premotor cortex (6)

76
Q

what happens in dyslexia?

A

different regions of the brain are activated when trying to read

77
Q

what does reading center 40 do?

A

supramarginal gyrus
auditory perceptions, how does the word sound

78
Q

what does reading center 39 do?

A

angular gyrus
this is what that word is, auditory representation

79
Q

what does reading center 37 do?

A

visual word form area (word recognition) in occipitotemporal gyrus

80
Q

what does reading center 44 do?

A

word vocalization in broca’s area, motor planning for vocalization

81
Q

what does reading center 6 do?

A

motor plans for handwriting in premotor cortex

neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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