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neuroanatomy > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

optic chiasm and lamina terminalis

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2
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

optic tract and internal capsule

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3
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

cerebral peduncles

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4
Q

what is the superior boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamic sulcus and thalamus

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5
Q

what are the hypothalamic regions?

A

pre optic, anterior, middle, posterior

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6
Q

pre optic region

A

rostral to optic chiasm

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7
Q

anterior region

A

dorsal to optic chiasm

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8
Q

middle region

A

optic chiasm to mammillary bodies

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9
Q

posterior region

A

mammillary bodies and caudal

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10
Q

what are the hypothalamic zones

A

periventricular, medial/intermediate, lateral

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11
Q

what does the periventricular zone do

A

endocrine control of anterior pituitary

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12
Q

what does the medial zone do

A

regulation of posterior pituitary, regulation of autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

what does the lateral zone do

A

limbic system integration

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14
Q

what is the medial forebrain bundle

A

axons from the hypothalamus that project back to the brainstem

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15
Q

hypothalamic nuclei of the pre optic region

A

medial and lateral pre optic nucleus

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16
Q

hypothalamic nuclei of the anterior region

A

paraventricular, anterior, lateral hypothalamic, periventricular, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic

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17
Q

hypothalamic nuclei of the middle region

A

dorsomedial, lateral hypothalamic, ventromedial, periventricular, arcuate

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18
Q

hypothalamic nuclei of the posterior region

A

posterior, lateral hypothalamic, mammillary body

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19
Q

hypothalamic nuclei of the periventricular zone

A

periventricular, arcuate, medial pre optic, paraventricular

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20
Q

periventricular nucleus hormones

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone, dopamine (inhibits prolactin), somatostatin (inhibits growth hormone)

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21
Q

arcuate nucleus hormones

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone releasing hormone

22
Q

medial preoptic nucleus hormones

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

23
Q

paraventricular nucleus hormone (anterior pituitary)

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone

24
Q

how is the anterior pituitary regulated

A

hypothalamus releases chemicals into the hypophysial portal system which are then transmitted to the anterior pituitary

25
Q

hypothalamic nuclei that act on the posterior pituitary

A

supraoptic and paraventricular

26
Q

supraoptic nucleus hormones

A

primarily secretes vasopressin with minimal oxytocin

27
Q

paraventricular nucleus hormones

A

primarily secretes oxytocin with minimal vasopressin

28
Q

posterior pituitary regulation

A

magnocellular neurosecretory system
releases vasopressin and oxytocin directly into systemic circulation

29
Q

vasopressin

A

promotes water absorption and elevates BP

30
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of milk from mammary glands
also important for forming bonds

31
Q

where does autonomic regulation from the medial zone originate

A

paraventricular, dorsomedial, posterior and lateral hypothalamic nuclei

32
Q

autonomic regulation pathway from hypothalamus

A

through medial forebrain bundle and then dorsolateral tegmentum, synapse on several cranial nerve autonomics
hypothalamospinal tract (parasympathetics and sympathetics)

33
Q

hypothalamospinal tract

A

projections from nuclei in hypothalamus through dorsolateral tegmentum
synapse on nucleus of IMLCC

34
Q

what is Horner’s syndrome

A

autonomic disfunction (sympathetics)
ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
peripheral Horner’s will often be just ptosis and miosis

35
Q

what are the autonomic coordinating nuclei? what do they do?

A

solitary, parabrachial, and dorsal raphe nuclei, ventrolateral medulla, pontomedullary reticular formation
work in conjunction with the hypothalamus

36
Q

solitary nucleus

A

viscerosensory information to intermediolateral nuclei, thalamus, and hypothalamus

37
Q

parabrachial nucleus

A

viscerosensory info to the forebrain and paraventricular nucleus

38
Q

dorsal raphe nucleus

A

serotonin release to regulate pain reactions

39
Q

ventrolateral medulla

A

regulation of blood pressure

40
Q

pontomedullary reticular formation

A

startle response - tense up to protect self

41
Q

what nuclei are involved in sleep/wake regulation?

A

ventral lateral preoptic
mammillary
suprachiasmatic

42
Q

what nuclei are involved in thermoregulation

A

anterior - heat dissipation
posterior - conserve heat

43
Q

what nuclei are involved in appetite

A

ventromedial - decreases
lateral - increases

44
Q

what nuclei are involved in thirst

A

anterior

45
Q

what hypothalamic nuclei are involved in the limbic system

A

lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial and mammillary nuclei

46
Q

what regulates our circadian rhythm

A

daylight signals from retina through retinohypothalamic tract
at night this pathway signals pineal gland to release melatonin

47
Q

retinohypothalamic tract

A

melanopsin-containing ganglion neurons to suprachiasmatic nucleus
to paraventricular nucleus
to IMLCC
to stellate ganglion to pineal gland
OR to adrenal medulla

48
Q

what is the key nucleus that starts our sleep cycle

A

ventral lateral preoptic

49
Q

what happens during the sleep cycle

A

GABAergic projections inhibit neurons that maintain arousal and the tuberomammillary nucleus that activates major areas of the forebrain

50
Q

dreaming cycle

A

preoptic sleep center turns on REM, lateral hypothalamus inhibits REM through orexin
decreased orexin receptors is linked to narcolepsy

51
Q

what areas control urination

A

medial preoptic and lateral hypothalamic

52
Q

time to go pathway

A

neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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