Hypothalamus

Question 1

what is the anterior boundary of the hypothalamus?

Answer 1

optic chiasm and lamina terminalis

Question 2

what is the lateral boundary of the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

optic tract and internal capsule

Question 3

what is the posterior boundary of the hypothalamus?

Answer 3

cerebral peduncles

Question 4

what is the superior boundary of the hypothalamus?

Answer 4

hypothalamic sulcus and thalamus

Question 5

what are the hypothalamic regions?

Answer 5

pre optic, anterior, middle, posterior

Question 6

pre optic region

Answer 6

rostral to optic chiasm

Question 7

anterior region

Answer 7

dorsal to optic chiasm

Question 8

middle region

Answer 8

optic chiasm to mammillary bodies

Question 9

posterior region

Answer 9

mammillary bodies and caudal

Question 10

what are the hypothalamic zones

Answer 10

periventricular, medial/intermediate, lateral

Question 11

what does the periventricular zone do

Answer 11

endocrine control of anterior pituitary

Question 12

what does the medial zone do

Answer 12

regulation of posterior pituitary, regulation of autonomic nervous system

Question 13

what does the lateral zone do

Answer 13

limbic system integration

Question 14

what is the medial forebrain bundle

Answer 14

axons from the hypothalamus that project back to the brainstem

Question 15

hypothalamic nuclei of the pre optic region

Answer 15

medial and lateral pre optic nucleus

Question 16

hypothalamic nuclei of the anterior region

Answer 16

paraventricular, anterior, lateral hypothalamic, periventricular, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic

Question 17

hypothalamic nuclei of the middle region

Answer 17

dorsomedial, lateral hypothalamic, ventromedial, periventricular, arcuate

Question 18

hypothalamic nuclei of the posterior region

Answer 18

posterior, lateral hypothalamic, mammillary body

Question 19

hypothalamic nuclei of the periventricular zone

Answer 19

periventricular, arcuate, medial pre optic, paraventricular

Question 20

periventricular nucleus hormones

Answer 20

gonadotropin releasing hormone, dopamine (inhibits prolactin), somatostatin (inhibits growth hormone)

Question 21

arcuate nucleus hormones

Answer 21

gonadotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone releasing hormone

Question 22

medial preoptic nucleus hormones

Answer 22

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 23

paraventricular nucleus hormone (anterior pituitary)

Answer 23

thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 24

how is the anterior pituitary regulated

Answer 24

hypothalamus releases chemicals into the hypophysial portal system which are then transmitted to the anterior pituitary

Question 25

hypothalamic nuclei that act on the posterior pituitary

Answer 25

supraoptic and paraventricular

Question 26

supraoptic nucleus hormones

Answer 26

primarily secretes vasopressin with minimal oxytocin

Question 27

paraventricular nucleus hormones

Answer 27

primarily secretes oxytocin with minimal vasopressin

Question 28

posterior pituitary regulation

Answer 28

magnocellular neurosecretory system releases vasopressin and oxytocin directly into systemic circulation

Question 29

vasopressin

Answer 29

promotes water absorption and elevates BP

Question 30

oxytocin

Answer 30

stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of milk from mammary glands also important for forming bonds

Question 31

where does autonomic regulation from the medial zone originate

Answer 31

paraventricular, dorsomedial, posterior and lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Question 32

autonomic regulation pathway from hypothalamus

Answer 32

through medial forebrain bundle and then dorsolateral tegmentum, synapse on several cranial nerve autonomics hypothalamospinal tract (parasympathetics and sympathetics)

Question 33

hypothalamospinal tract

Answer 33

projections from nuclei in hypothalamus through dorsolateral tegmentum synapse on nucleus of IMLCC

Question 34

what is Horner's syndrome

Answer 34

autonomic disfunction (sympathetics) ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis peripheral Horner's will often be just ptosis and miosis

Question 35

what are the autonomic coordinating nuclei? what do they do?

Answer 35

solitary, parabrachial, and dorsal raphe nuclei, ventrolateral medulla, pontomedullary reticular formation work in conjunction with the hypothalamus

Question 36

solitary nucleus

Answer 36

viscerosensory information to intermediolateral nuclei, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Question 37

parabrachial nucleus

Answer 37

viscerosensory info to the forebrain and paraventricular nucleus

Question 38

dorsal raphe nucleus

Answer 38

serotonin release to regulate pain reactions

Question 39

ventrolateral medulla

Answer 39

regulation of blood pressure

Question 40

pontomedullary reticular formation

Answer 40

startle response - tense up to protect self

Question 41

what nuclei are involved in sleep/wake regulation?

Answer 41

ventral lateral preoptic mammillary suprachiasmatic

Question 42

what nuclei are involved in thermoregulation

Answer 42

anterior - heat dissipation posterior - conserve heat

Question 43

what nuclei are involved in appetite

Answer 43

ventromedial - decreases lateral - increases

Question 44

what nuclei are involved in thirst

Answer 44

anterior

Question 45

what hypothalamic nuclei are involved in the limbic system

Answer 45

lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial and mammillary nuclei

Question 46

what regulates our circadian rhythm

Answer 46

daylight signals from retina through retinohypothalamic tract at night this pathway signals pineal gland to release melatonin

Question 47

retinohypothalamic tract

Answer 47

melanopsin-containing ganglion neurons to suprachiasmatic nucleus to paraventricular nucleus to IMLCC to stellate ganglion to pineal gland OR to adrenal medulla

Question 48

what is the key nucleus that starts our sleep cycle

Answer 48

ventral lateral preoptic

Question 49

what happens during the sleep cycle

Answer 49

GABAergic projections inhibit neurons that maintain arousal and the tuberomammillary nucleus that activates major areas of the forebrain

Question 50

dreaming cycle

Answer 50

preoptic sleep center turns on REM, lateral hypothalamus inhibits REM through orexin decreased orexin receptors is linked to narcolepsy

Question 51

what areas control urination

Answer 51

medial preoptic and lateral hypothalamic

Question 52

time to go pathway

Answer 52