Cranial Cavity, Spinal Cord, & Cell Biology

Question 1

cranial cap

Answer 1

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 2

cranial walls

Answer 2

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid

Question 3

basicranium

Answer 3

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, occipital
can be divided into 3 cranial fossa

Question 4

what divides the anterior and middle cranial fossa?

Answer 4

sphenoid crest

Question 5

what divides the middle and posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 5

superior border of petrous part of temporal bone

Question 6

foramina in anterior fossa

Answer 6

olfactory foramina, CN I

Question 7

foramina in middle fossa

Answer 7

optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, ovale, spinosum, carotid canal
CN II, III, IV, V, VI, middle meningeal, internal carotid

Question 8

foramina in posterior fossa

Answer 8

internal acoustic meatus, jugular and hypoglossal foramen, foramen magnum
CN VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, vertebral arteries, spinal cord

Question 9

what are the meninges and spaces?

Answer 9

dura, arachnoid, and pia mater
epidural (adipose), subdural (potential), subarachnoid (CSF)

Question 10

what two layers is the cranial dura mater made up of?

Answer 10

periosteal and meningeal layer

Question 11

periosteal layer

Answer 11

adherent to the cranium, continuous with external periosteum of skull

Question 12

meningeal layer

Answer 12

continuous into the vertebral layer

Question 13

when is the meningeal layer not fused to the periosteal layer?

Answer 13

to form dural infoldings and dural venous sinuses

Question 14

what is the spinal cord a continuation of?

Answer 14

the caudal medulla at the foramen magnum

Question 15

where vertebral level does the spinal cord end at?

Answer 15

L1/L2

Question 16

segmental medullary arteries

Answer 16

anastomose with spinal arteries, mainly at cervical and lumbar enlargements

Question 17

radicular arteries

Answer 17

supply posterior and anterior nerve roots

Question 18

where do cervical spinal nerves exit?

Answer 18

above the vertebrae of the same level

Question 19

where do all other spinal nerves exit?

Answer 19

below vertebrae of the same level

Question 20

what is gray matter?

Answer 20

unmyelinated cell bodies of lower motor neurons, interneurons, sensory projection neurons

Question 21

what is white matter?

Answer 21

myelinated axons (ascending and descending tracts)

Question 22

cervical spinal cord cross section characteristics

Answer 22

thickest white matter, large ventral horns, gracilis and cuneate fascicles

Question 23

thoracic spinal cord cross section characteristics

Answer 23

little gray matter, contains lateral horn for IMLCC

Question 24

what to know about reflexes??

Question 25

unipolar neuron in humans

Answer 25

uncommon, exocrine gland secretion and smooth muscle contractions

Question 26

many sensory neurons are

Answer 26

bipolar/pseudounipolar

Question 27

most brain/spinal cord neurons and motor neurons are

Answer 27

multipolar

Question 28

where are ependymal cells found?

Answer 28

line all ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

Question 29

what do standard ependymal cells do?

Answer 29

help to circulate CSF through ventricular system, contain microvilli to assist

Question 30

what do modified ependymal cells form?

Answer 30

the choroid plexus

Question 31

what is the function of microglia?

Answer 31

phagocytotic scavenger cells, destroy invaders, remove debris, promote tissue repair

Question 32

what is the function of astrocyte?

Answer 32

glia critical for neuronal nourishment and synapse development and function
regulate extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations

Question 33

oligodendrocytes

Answer 33

myelinating cell of CNS

Question 34

Schwann cells

Answer 34

myelinating cell of the PNS