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farmacologia > Neurosciences > Flashcards

Neurosciences Flashcards

1
Q

blood supply to parietal ¡ and temporal lobes

A

middle cerebral artery

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2
Q

blood supply to interhemispheric fissure/ top + middle + front of brain

A

anterior cerebral artery

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3
Q

blood supply to posterior lobes and bottom

A

posterior cerebral artery

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4
Q

striatum is made up of

A

caudate and putamen

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5
Q

lentiform nucleus is made up of

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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6
Q

TRAP for parkinson stands for

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Akinesia (slowness)
Postural instability

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7
Q

components of limbic system

A

hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

primary sensory nuclei of thalamus

A

ventral posterior lateral
ventral posterior medial
lateral geniculate
medial geniculate

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9
Q

motor relay nuclei of thalamus

A

ventral anterior
ventral lateral

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10
Q

limbic relay nuclei of thalamus

A

anterior
dorsomedial

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11
Q

association cortex nuclei of thalamus

A

pulvinar

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12
Q

blood supply of thalamus

A

posterior cerebral artery
(thalamus striate vessels)

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13
Q

head nucleus of autonomic nervous system and pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

damage of descending tracts of hypothalamus causes

A

horner syndrome = ptosis + anhidrosis + miosis

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15
Q

lesions in subthalamus cause

A

hemiballismus

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16
Q

lesiones to epithalamus cause

A

Parinauds syndrome = vertical gaze palsy + convergence-retraction nystagmus (abnormal eye movements while trying to do vertical gaze) + light-near dissociation (light response is repaired but near sight response is fine)

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17
Q

motor tracts

A

corticospinal
corticobulbar

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18
Q

flexor bias motor tracts

A

corticospinal
rubrospinal
medullary reticulospinal

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19
Q

extensor bias motor tracts

A

lateral vestibulospinal
pontine reticulospinal

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20
Q

cervical muscle motor tracts

A

tectospinal
medial vestibulospinal

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21
Q

function of inferior colliculi

A

auditory center

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22
Q

function of superior colliculi

A

visual center

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23
Q

colliculi integrated sensory and motor function

A

process visual and auditory signals and coordinate reflex neck movement towards stimulus

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24
Q

vestibulospinal tract function

A

receive sensory info from ear organs that sense angular + linear acceleration
medial = cervical muscles to stabilise head, input from semicircular canals (ipsilateral)
lateral = extensor bias to keep our body erect against gravity

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25
Q

function of reticulospinal tract

A

pontine = extensor bias, stabilize self after pain input that can make us lose balance
medullary = receives input from cortex to assists corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts (flexion bias)
both aid in primitive postural control of limbs

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26
Q

2º sensory nucleus and tract of somatosensory protopathic input

A

dorsal horn of spinal cord (sensory nucleus)
spinal lemniscus

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27
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of somatosensory epicritic

A

nuclei cuneatus (EESS) and gracilis (EEII)
medial lemniscus

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28
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of taste

A

nucleus solitarius
solitario-thalamic tract (is a lemniscus)

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29
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of facial sensory protopathic (general sensation)

A

descending nucleus of CN5 in lower pons medulla
trigeminal lemniscus

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30
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of facial sensory epicritic (tongue and lips)

A

main sensory nucleus of CN5 (upper pons)
trigeminal lemniscus

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31
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of auditory

A

dorsal + ventral cochlear nuclei in lower pons/ upper medulla
accessory auditory nuclei
lateral lemniscus

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32
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of vestubular (balance, eye movement reflexes)

A

superior + inferior + lateral + medial vestibular nuclei in lower pons/ upper medulla
no lemniscus! = its a reflex

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33
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of vision

A

superior colliculi

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34
Q

sensory nucleus and tract of hearing

A

inferior colliculi

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35
Q

what information is propopathic

A

primitive (slow and fast) pain and temperature

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36
Q

what information is epicritic

A

vibration, position sense and fine touch

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37
Q

epicritic tract with decussation

A

1º sensory cortex
ventral posterior lateral n thalamus
medial lemniscus
decussation in medulla
nucleus cuneatus (above T6) o gracilis (below T6)

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38
Q

protopathic fast pain + temp tract with decussation

A

1º sensory cortex
ventral posterior lateral n thalamus
spinal lemniscus
decussation in spinal cord
lateral funiculus nucleus in rexed lamina 1 and 5

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39
Q

protopathic slow pain tract with decussation

A

non-specific cortex
centromedian n thalamus
spinal lemniscus (and branching off tracts to reticular formation)
decussation in spinal cord
lateral funiculus nuclei in rexed lamina 2-5

40
Q

CN3 autonomic nucleus and ganglion

A

edinger-westphal in midbrain
ciliary ganglion in eye

41
Q

CN7 autonomic nucleus and ganglion

A

superior salivatory nucleus
pterygopalatine (lacrimal) and submandibular (salivatory) ganglion

42
Q

CN9 autonomic nucleus and ganglion

A

inferior salivatory nucleus
otic ganglion

43
Q

CN10 autonomic nucleus and ganglion

A

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
intramural ganglion of target organ

44
Q

functions of reticular formation in brainstem

A

reticulospinal tracts = limb posture control
slow pain
consciousness
autonomic centers (pressor, depressor, vomiting, respiratory)

45
Q

cerebellum function

A

comparator of movements, smooths and coordinates them

46
Q

function of cerebellar hemispheres

A

control of distal limbs

47
Q

function of paravermis

A

control of proximal limbs

48
Q

function of vermis

A

control truncal stability

49
Q

function of flocculo-nodular lobe

A

control of eye movements

50
Q

output cerebellar connections

A

superior cerebellar peduncle = midbrain

51
Q

input cerebellar connections

A

middle cerebellar peduncle = pons
inferior cerebellar peduncle = medulla

52
Q

blockers of muscarinic Ach receptors

A

atropine/ belladonna

53
Q

blockers of nicotinic Ach receptors

A

botullinum toxin

54
Q

CN3 nucleus and target

A

oculomotor nucleus in midbrain
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectur
inferior oblique
levator palpebrae

55
Q

CN4 nucleus and target

A

trochlear nucleus dorsal midbrain
superior oblique (eye movement down and in for reading or walking down stairs)

56
Q

CN6 nucleus and target

A

abducens nucleus in pons
lateral rectus (abduction of eye)

57
Q

CN5 nucleus and target

A

trigeminal motor nucleus in pons
mastication muscles

58
Q

CN7 nucleus and target

A

facial nucleus in pons
facial expression muscles

59
Q

CN9 and CN10 nucleus and target

A

ambiguus nucleus in medulla
pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, vocal cords

60
Q

CN11 nucleus and target

A

spinal accessory nucleus in upper cervical spinal cord
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (shoulder elevation)

61
Q

CN12 nucleus and target

A

hypoglossal nucleus in medulla
tongue muscles (eg. protrusion)

62
Q

decussation of corticospinal tract/ pyramidal tract

A

pyramids in medulla

63
Q

lesions to rubrospinal tract cause

A

decortication = flexed EESS and extended EEII due to lack of stimulatory signals to red n.
not mortal, just disabling

64
Q

lesions to lateral vestibulospinal tract cause

A

decerebration = extension of all EEs due to the loss of inhibitory signals from the red n.
mortal due to pressure on brainstem

65
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

cerebral cortex sends stimulus
red nucleus in midbrain
decussation in midbrain
lateral funiculus
(flexor bias)

66
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

inhibitory isgnals from red nucleus
lateral vestibular nucleus in pons
ventral funiculus
(extensor bias)

67
Q

pontine reticulospinal tract

A

pontine reticular formation in pons
ventral funiculus
(extensor bias)

68
Q

medullary reticulospinal tract

A

cerebral cortex sends stimulus
medullar reticular formation in medulla
ventral funiculus
(flexor bias)

69
Q

tectospinal tract

A

superior and inferior colliculi in midbrain
decussation
ventral funiculus
cervical motor neurons

70
Q

medial vestibulospinal tract

A

medial vestibular nucleus in pons
ventral funiculus
cervical motor neurons

71
Q

cranial nerve lower motor neurons that exit de midbrain

A

CN 3 and 4

72
Q

cranial nerve lower motor neurons that exit the pons

A

CN 5, 6, 7 and 8 (pontomedullary junction)

73
Q

cranial nerve lower motor neurons that exit de medulla

A

CN 8 (pontomedullary junction) 9, 10 and 11

74
Q

corticobulbar tract function

A

innervation of lower brain stem lower motor neurons (CN5, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12)
ispilateral and contralateral innervation except for lower half of face (only has contralateral)

75
Q

facial weakness of upper and lower face is caused by

A

bulbar palsy = CN7 lesion that affects inervation of whole half face

76
Q

facial weakness of only lower face is caused by

A

pseudobulbar palsy = stroke of motor cortex or internal capsule that affects mainly lower half because upper half still has upper innervation by contralateral side

77
Q

3 types of conjugate eye movements

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex/ dolls eyes
visual pursuit
visual saccade

78
Q

function of vestibulo-ocular reflex/ dolls eyes and circuit

A

stabilises image on retina with respect to head motion
semicircular canals
vestibular n
CN6
MLF (medial long. fasciculus)
CN3

79
Q

function of visual pursuit and circuit

A

stabilises image on retina with respect to image motion
occipital cortex
PPRF (paramedian pontine ret. formation)
CN6
MLF (medial long. fasciculus)
CN3

80
Q

visual saccade function and circuit

A

redirection of line-of-sight like in reading
frontal eye fields
PPRF
CN6
MLF (medial long. fasciculus)
CN3

81
Q

lesion to MLF (medial long. fasciculus) causes

A

internuclear opthalmoplegia = inability to adduct ipsilateral eye when doing conjugate horizontal gaze + diplopia + nystagmus in contralateral eye

82
Q

lesion to one side of frontal eye field causes

A

gaze preference towards side of lesion from lack of input pushing it away
CAN adduct with near visual stimulus = not CN3/ medial rectus issue
CANNOT adduct with horizontal gaze

83
Q

cerebellar nuclei (Dogs Eat Good Food)

A

Dentate (output from hemispheres)
Emboliform (output from paravermis)
Globose (output from paravermis)
Fastigial (output from vermis)

84
Q

tract inputs to inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

all ipsilateral
dorsal spinocerebellar
cuneocerebellar (EESS)
rostral sinocerebellar (EESS)
vestibular nuclei
reticular formation
trigeminal system
inferior olives

85
Q

tract inputs to middle cerebella peduncle

A

cerebral cortex (1º and 2º motor)

86
Q

outputs of the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

ventral lateral n thalamus
red nucleus
reticular formation

86
Q

tract inputs to superior cerebellar peduncle

A

ventral spinocerebellar tract
superior + inferior colliculi
reticular formation
trigeminal system

87
Q

lesion/ atrophy of caudate causes

A

huntingtons disease

88
Q

lesion of putamen causes

A

wilson disease = defect in copper metabolism

88
Q

lesion in sustantia nigra causes

A

parkinsons

89
Q

brown sequard syndrome

A

ipsilateral UMN defect
ipsilateral epicritic loss (propioception)
contralateral protopathic loss (pain and temp)

90
Q

trigeminal epicritic tract

A

1º sensory cortex
ventral posterior medial n thalamus
trigeminal lemniscus
decussation in pons
main sensory n of trigeminal

91
Q

trigeminal protopathic (fast pain and temp) tract

A

1º sensory cortex
ventral posterior medial n thalamus
trigeminal lemniscus
decussation in pons
descending spinal nuclei of trigeminal

92
Q

trigeminal protopathic (slow pain) tract

A

non-specific cortex
centromedian n thalamus
trigeminal lemniscus (with branches going to reticular formation)
descending spinal nuclei of trigeminal

93
Q

taste tract

A

1º sensory cortex
ventral posterior medial n thalamus
solitario-thalamic tract
(branch from tract synapses on parabrachial n and then on hypothalamus)
solitary n in medulla
noose, petrosal and geniculate ganglia

94
Q

auditory system circuit

A

CN7
cochlear nuclei
superior olive, trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus n
lateral lemniscus
inferior colliculi
MGN
Heschls gyrus

95
Q
A

farmacologia (6 decks)

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