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farmacologia > Neurosciences > Flashcards

Neurosciences Flashcards

1
Q

blood supply to parietal ¡ and temporal lobes

A

middle cerebral artery

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2
Q

blood supply to interhemispheric fissure/ top + middle + front of brain

A

anterior cerebral artery

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3
Q

blood supply to posterior lobes and bottom

A

posterior cerebral artery

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4
Q

striatum is made up of

A

caudate and putamen

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5
Q

lentiform nucleus is made up of

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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6
Q

TRAP for parkinson stands for

A

Tremor
Rigidity
Akinesia (slowness)
Postural instability

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7
Q

components of limbic system

A

hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

primary sensory nuclei of thalamus

A

ventral posterior lateral
ventral posterior medial
lateral geniculate
medial geniculate

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9
Q

motor relay nuclei of thalamus

A

ventral anterior
ventral lateral

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10
Q

limbic relay nuclei of thalamus

A

anterior
dorsomedial

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11
Q

association cortex nuclei of thalamus

A

pulvinar

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12
Q

blood supply of thalamus

A

posterior cerebral artery
(thalamus striate vessels)

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13
Q

head nucleus of autonomic nervous system and pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

damage of descending tracts of hypothalamus causes

A

horner syndrome = ptosis + anhidrosis + miosis

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15
Q

lesions in subthalamus cause

A

hemiballismus

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16
Q

lesiones to epithalamus cause

A

Parinauds syndrome = vertical gaze palsy + convergence-retraction nystagmus (abnormal eye movements while trying to do vertical gaze) + light-near dissociation (light response is repaired but near sight response is fine)

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17
Q

motor tracts

A

corticospinal
corticobulbar

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18
Q

flexor bias motor tracts

A

corticospinal
rubrospinal
medullary reticulospinal

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19
Q

extensor bias motor tracts

A

lateral vestibulospinal
pontine reticulospinal

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20
Q

cervical muscle motor tracts

A

tectospinal
medial vestibulospinal

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21
Q

function of inferior colliculi

A

auditory center

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22
Q

function of superior colliculi

A

visual center

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23
Q

colliculi integrated sensory and motor function

A

process visual and auditory signals and coordinate reflex neck movement towards stimulus

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24
Q

vestibulospinal tract function

A

receive sensory info from ear organs that sense angular + linear acceleration
medial = cervical muscles to stabilise head, input from semicircular canals (ipsilateral)
lateral = extensor bias to keep our body erect against gravity

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25
function of reticulospinal tract
pontine = extensor bias, stabilize self after pain input that can make us lose balance medullary = receives input from cortex to assists corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts (flexion bias) both aid in primitive postural control of limbs
26
2º sensory nucleus and tract of somatosensory protopathic input
dorsal horn of spinal cord (sensory nucleus) spinal lemniscus
27
sensory nucleus and tract of somatosensory epicritic
nuclei cuneatus (EESS) and gracilis (EEII) medial lemniscus
28
sensory nucleus and tract of taste
nucleus solitarius solitario-thalamic tract (is a lemniscus)
29
sensory nucleus and tract of facial sensory protopathic (general sensation)
descending nucleus of CN5 in lower pons medulla trigeminal lemniscus
30
sensory nucleus and tract of facial sensory epicritic (tongue and lips)
main sensory nucleus of CN5 (upper pons) trigeminal lemniscus
31
sensory nucleus and tract of auditory
dorsal + ventral cochlear nuclei in lower pons/ upper medulla accessory auditory nuclei lateral lemniscus
32
sensory nucleus and tract of vestubular (balance, eye movement reflexes)
superior + inferior + lateral + medial vestibular nuclei in lower pons/ upper medulla no lemniscus! = its a reflex
33
sensory nucleus and tract of vision
superior colliculi
34
sensory nucleus and tract of hearing
inferior colliculi
35
what information is propopathic
primitive (slow and fast) pain and temperature
36
what information is epicritic
vibration, position sense and fine touch
37
epicritic tract with decussation
1º sensory cortex ventral posterior lateral n thalamus medial lemniscus decussation in medulla nucleus cuneatus (above T6) o gracilis (below T6)
38
protopathic fast pain + temp tract with decussation
1º sensory cortex ventral posterior lateral n thalamus spinal lemniscus decussation in spinal cord lateral funiculus nucleus in rexed lamina 1 and 5
39
protopathic slow pain tract with decussation
non-specific cortex centromedian n thalamus spinal lemniscus (and branching off tracts to reticular formation) decussation in spinal cord lateral funiculus nuclei in rexed lamina 2-5
40
CN3 autonomic nucleus and ganglion
edinger-westphal in midbrain ciliary ganglion in eye
41
CN7 autonomic nucleus and ganglion
superior salivatory nucleus pterygopalatine (lacrimal) and submandibular (salivatory) ganglion
42
CN9 autonomic nucleus and ganglion
inferior salivatory nucleus otic ganglion
43
CN10 autonomic nucleus and ganglion
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus intramural ganglion of target organ
44
functions of reticular formation in brainstem
reticulospinal tracts = limb posture control slow pain consciousness autonomic centers (pressor, depressor, vomiting, respiratory)
45
cerebellum function
comparator of movements, smooths and coordinates them
46
function of cerebellar hemispheres
control of distal limbs
47
function of paravermis
control of proximal limbs
48
function of vermis
control truncal stability
49
function of flocculo-nodular lobe
control of eye movements
50
output cerebellar connections
superior cerebellar peduncle = midbrain
51
input cerebellar connections
middle cerebellar peduncle = pons inferior cerebellar peduncle = medulla
52
blockers of muscarinic Ach receptors
atropine/ belladonna
53
blockers of nicotinic Ach receptors
botullinum toxin
54
CN3 nucleus and target
oculomotor nucleus in midbrain superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectur inferior oblique levator palpebrae
55
CN4 nucleus and target
trochlear nucleus dorsal midbrain superior oblique (eye movement down and in for reading or walking down stairs)
56
CN6 nucleus and target
abducens nucleus in pons lateral rectus (abduction of eye)
57
CN5 nucleus and target
trigeminal motor nucleus in pons mastication muscles
58
CN7 nucleus and target
facial nucleus in pons facial expression muscles
59
CN9 and CN10 nucleus and target
ambiguus nucleus in medulla pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, vocal cords
60
CN11 nucleus and target
spinal accessory nucleus in upper cervical spinal cord sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (shoulder elevation)
61
CN12 nucleus and target
hypoglossal nucleus in medulla tongue muscles (eg. protrusion)
62
decussation of corticospinal tract/ pyramidal tract
pyramids in medulla
63
lesions to rubrospinal tract cause
decortication = flexed EESS and extended EEII due to lack of stimulatory signals to red n. not mortal, just disabling
64
lesions to lateral vestibulospinal tract cause
decerebration = extension of all EEs due to the loss of inhibitory signals from the red n. mortal due to pressure on brainstem
65
rubrospinal tract
cerebral cortex sends stimulus red nucleus in midbrain decussation in midbrain lateral funiculus (flexor bias)
66
lateral vestibulospinal tract
inhibitory isgnals from red nucleus lateral vestibular nucleus in pons ventral funiculus (extensor bias)
67
pontine reticulospinal tract
pontine reticular formation in pons ventral funiculus (extensor bias)
68
medullary reticulospinal tract
cerebral cortex sends stimulus medullar reticular formation in medulla ventral funiculus (flexor bias)
69
tectospinal tract
superior and inferior colliculi in midbrain decussation ventral funiculus cervical motor neurons
70
medial vestibulospinal tract
medial vestibular nucleus in pons ventral funiculus cervical motor neurons
71
cranial nerve lower motor neurons that exit de midbrain
CN 3 and 4
72
cranial nerve lower motor neurons that exit the pons
CN 5, 6, 7 and 8 (pontomedullary junction)
73
cranial nerve lower motor neurons that exit de medulla
CN 8 (pontomedullary junction) 9, 10 and 11
74
corticobulbar tract function
innervation of lower brain stem lower motor neurons (CN5, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12) ispilateral and contralateral innervation except for lower half of face (only has contralateral)
75
facial weakness of upper and lower face is caused by
bulbar palsy = CN7 lesion that affects inervation of whole half face
76
facial weakness of only lower face is caused by
pseudobulbar palsy = stroke of motor cortex or internal capsule that affects mainly lower half because upper half still has upper innervation by contralateral side
77
3 types of conjugate eye movements
vestibulo-ocular reflex/ dolls eyes visual pursuit visual saccade
78
function of vestibulo-ocular reflex/ dolls eyes and circuit
stabilises image on retina with respect to head motion semicircular canals vestibular n CN6 MLF (medial long. fasciculus) CN3
79
function of visual pursuit and circuit
stabilises image on retina with respect to image motion occipital cortex PPRF (paramedian pontine ret. formation) CN6 MLF (medial long. fasciculus) CN3
80
visual saccade function and circuit
redirection of line-of-sight like in reading frontal eye fields PPRF CN6 MLF (medial long. fasciculus) CN3
81
lesion to MLF (medial long. fasciculus) causes
internuclear opthalmoplegia = inability to adduct ipsilateral eye when doing conjugate horizontal gaze + diplopia + nystagmus in contralateral eye
82
lesion to one side of frontal eye field causes
gaze preference towards side of lesion from lack of input pushing it away CAN adduct with near visual stimulus = not CN3/ medial rectus issue CANNOT adduct with horizontal gaze
83
cerebellar nuclei (Dogs Eat Good Food)
Dentate (output from hemispheres) Emboliform (output from paravermis) Globose (output from paravermis) Fastigial (output from vermis)
84
tract inputs to inferior cerebellar peduncle
all ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar cuneocerebellar (EESS) rostral sinocerebellar (EESS) vestibular nuclei reticular formation trigeminal system inferior olives
85
tract inputs to middle cerebella peduncle
cerebral cortex (1º and 2º motor)
86
outputs of the superior cerebellar peduncle
ventral lateral n thalamus red nucleus reticular formation
86
tract inputs to superior cerebellar peduncle
ventral spinocerebellar tract superior + inferior colliculi reticular formation trigeminal system
87
lesion/ atrophy of caudate causes
huntingtons disease
88
lesion of putamen causes
wilson disease = defect in copper metabolism
88
lesion in sustantia nigra causes
parkinsons
89
brown sequard syndrome
ipsilateral UMN defect ipsilateral epicritic loss (propioception) contralateral protopathic loss (pain and temp)
90
trigeminal epicritic tract
1º sensory cortex ventral posterior medial n thalamus trigeminal lemniscus decussation in pons main sensory n of trigeminal
91
trigeminal protopathic (fast pain and temp) tract
1º sensory cortex ventral posterior medial n thalamus trigeminal lemniscus decussation in pons descending spinal nuclei of trigeminal
92
trigeminal protopathic (slow pain) tract
non-specific cortex centromedian n thalamus trigeminal lemniscus (with branches going to reticular formation) descending spinal nuclei of trigeminal
93
taste tract
1º sensory cortex ventral posterior medial n thalamus solitario-thalamic tract (branch from tract synapses on parabrachial n and then on hypothalamus) solitary n in medulla noose, petrosal and geniculate ganglia
94
auditory system circuit
CN7 cochlear nuclei superior olive, trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus n lateral lemniscus inferior colliculi MGN Heschls gyrus
95

farmacologia (6 decks)

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