Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personal Study > Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain by Mark Bear, Barry Connors and Michael Paradiso > Flashcards

Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain by Mark Bear, Barry Connors and Michael Paradiso Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five levels from which Neuroscience can be studied and what are some examples of each type of study?

A 
Molecular Neuroscience (Most elementary)
Cellular Neuroscience (Movement and Structure of Cells)
Systems Neuroscience (Visual and Motor Systems)
Behavioural Neuroscience (Memory and Attention) 
Cognitive Neuroscience (Language and Thoughts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three methods of research in Neuroscience?

A

Clinical (Functions of Brain Structures)
Experimental (Treatments)
Theoretical (Computations and Equations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of the structure of brain tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are four Orangelles you have studied?

A

The Nucleus of the Cell
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What determines the function of a neuron?

A

The proteins being produced by the neuron, which is in turn determined by the gene being expressed in the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What allows for the production of Proteins in the neuron?

A

DNA must be transcribed into Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA). Ribosomes found within the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum use mRNA to bind Amino Acids together into Proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of Ribosomes and how are their products different?

A

Ribosomes in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum allow the neuron to accomplish a function; Free Ribosomes in the Cytosol do not do this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Creating the dimensions of the neuron and managing the concentration of molecules in the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

This organelle is responsible for sending proteins to the Axon and Dendrites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the Mitocondria?

A

The Mitochondria converts oxygen and pyruvic acids into Adenosine Trisophate, the energy currency of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton and what are its components?

A

The Cytoskeleton is responsible for holding the shape of the neuron. It is always moving.

Microtubules hold the shape of the neuron.
Microfilaments are needed for muscle contraction.
Neurofilaments are the bones of the skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different classifications of Axoplasmic Transport?

A

Axoplasmic Transport carries resources down an axon to keep the axon alive. The movement can be fast and slow. The movement can be Anterograde (Soma to Axon Terminal) or Retrograde (Axon Terminal to Soma).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Receptors?

A

Specialized proteins found within the surface of dendrites that respond to the attachment of neurotransmitters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three types of Glia and what are their functions?

A

Astrocytes fills and manage the space between neurons. Oligodendroglia and Schwann Cells create Myelin Sheaths. The former is found in the Central Nervous System while the latter is peripheral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the five groups that create a Amino Acid?

A 
Central Carbon Atom
Hydrogen Atom
Amino Group (Start of Polypeptide Bond)
Carboxyl Group (End of Polypeptide Bond)
R Group (Determinant of function)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What determines the movement of Ions?

A

Charge and Concentration– Ions move towards opposite charges and move away from themselves, spreading down a Concentration Gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Equilibrium Potential?

A

When Concentration forces are equal to Charge forces, Equilibrium is achieved. Movement does not occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the natural concentrations of Sodium and Potassium within the neuron?

A

Potassium is concentrated within the cell; Sodium is concentrated outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What creates Depolarization?

A

When Sodium gates are opened, the high concentration of Sodium outside the cell enters the cell, bringing the charge of the cell from -65mV to 0mV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the cell negatively charged if it is full of Potassium, a positively charged ion?

A

It is only considered negatively charged because the extracellular fluid is more positive than the cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What gates open when the neuron becomes depolarized?

A

The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel opens to allow for extracellular Sodium to enter. Very shortly afterwards, the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel opens to ensure the cell has a negative charge again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where can Action Potentials occur?

A

They occur within the Axon Hillock and throughout the rest of the Axon to the Presynaptic Terminal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What two factors speed up movement in an Axon and why?

A

Wide Axons move faster than Narrow Axons. There is less resistance in Wide Axons. Myelin Sheaths ensure more charge is propelled forward by limiting the amount that seeps out of the Axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three types of Neurotransmitters? What are some differences between them?

A

Amino Acids
Amines
Peptides

Amino Acids are stored in Vesicles whereas Peptides are stored in Secretory Granules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What two classifications can be used to differentiate Synapses?

A

Connections (Axodendritic, Axosomatic, Axoaxonic)

Differences in Membrane Differentiations (Asymmetric and Excitory; Symmetric and Inhibitory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are Active Zones?

A

Locations within the Presynaptic Element where neurotransmitters are released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a Membrane Differentation?

A

Collections of densely grouped proteins in either the presynaptic or postsynaptic cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the three criteria for a chemical to be a neurotransmitter?

A

Stored and Synthesised by the Presynaptic Neuron
Released at the Axon Hillock
Effects are similar when released and when received.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Immunocytochemistry?

A

The method by which we determine where a neurotransmitter is localized to a certain area of the neuron using antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Microiontophonesis?

A

The method of artificially injecting a neurotransmitter to test its effects on a neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the three methods by which receptors can be studied?

A 
Neuropharmacological Analysis (Studying the effects of neurotransmitters on receptors)
Ligand-Binding Methods (Studying the effects of drugs on receptors)
Molecular Analysis (Studying the structure of receptors)
32
Q

What is Dale’s Principle?

A

The philosophy that neurons only ever release one type of neurotransmitter.

33
Q

What are Cholinergic Neurons? Where are they found?

A

Neurons that release acetylcholine. They are found in every motor cell within the brain stem and spinal cord.

34
Q

What is the function of Amino Acids?

A

They are the building blocks of proteins. They are also sometimes used as neurotransmitters.

35
Q

What is the typical function of Cholinergic Neurons? What are they made from?

A

They regulate muscle movements in the heart and lungs. They are made from many elements but Choline is the most needed element.

36
Q

What is a Rate-Limiting Step?

A

The step of synthesis that most often cannot be completed.

37
Q

What are Catecholaminergic Neurons? What are some examples of their neurotransmitters? What is their function?

A

Neurons that use neurotransmitters that contain catechol. Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Norepinephrine are all examples. They regulate mood and attention.

38
Q

What are Serotonergic Neurons? What is their function?

A

Neurons that use serotonin as neurotransmitters. They regulate sleep and mood.

39
Q

What are Amino Acidergic Neurons? What are some examples of their neurotransmitters? What is the function of these neurons?

A

Neurons that use amino acids are neurotransmitters. They use GABA, Glutamate, and Glycine. They are used for inhibition.

40
Q

What is End-Product Inhibition?

A

The method of producing more or less of a neurotransmitter when the concentration of that neurotransmitter is low or high respectively.

41
Q

What are the four attributes of Gated Channels? What changes do they have on the effects of a neuron?

A

Pharmacology (Which Neurotransmitters affect them)
Kinetics (Duration of effect)
Selectivity (Excitation or Inhibition)
Conductance (Magnitude of Effect)

42
Q

What is the function of Amino Acid Gated Channels? Where are they found?

A

They are used for fast transmission in many cognitive topics. Memory and Sensation are among them. They are found throughout the Central Nervous System.

43
Q

What is the function of Glutamate Gated Channels? Where are they found?

A

They are used for fast and excitatory transmission throughout the brain.

44
Q

What is the function of GABA-Gated and Glycine-Gated Channels?

A

They are responsible for the inhibition of activity throughout the brain.

45
Q

What are the three types of Glutamate-Gated Channels? How do they differ?

A

AMPA-Gated Channels allow changes in voltage; NMDA-Gated Channels allow for Calcium to enter the cell which creates several important changes to the activity of the neuron.

46
Q

What is the function of G-Proteins?

A

They hear the responses made from Receptors and start up the Effort Systems as a result.

47
Q

What do G-proteins do after a Receptor has been stimulated?

A

They can open G-Protein-Gated Channels or they can activate G-Protein-Activated Enzymes.

48
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

The process of moving phosphates from Adenosine Trisophate (ATP) to proteins. This changes the activity of the protein.

49
Q

What is the difference in outcomes for Voltage-Gated Channels and Neurotransmitter Channels?

A

Neurotransmitter Channels can create changes in the activity of a neuron and can become greater in magnitude than their fast-and-simple counterpart.

50
Q

What are the three planes that sections can be created from?

A

Saggital (Right and Left Hemisphere on two sides)
Horizontal
Coronal (Creating an upright Square Slice)

51
Q

How does information leave and enter the Spinal Cord?

A

Ventral Roots send out information from the Spinal Cord and Dorsal Roots receive information from the Peripheral Nervous System.

52
Q

What is an Efferent and Afferent System?

A

Afferent Systems send information to a target. Efferent Systems send information from a target.

53
Q

What are the Cranial Nerves?

A

The pathways from the brain to the rest of the head.

54
Q

What are the Meninges? What are their names?

A

The layers that protect the Central Nervous System.

Dura Mater (Hard)
Arachnoid Membrane (Soft)
Pia Mater (Watery)
55
Q

What is the Ventricular System?

A

The System of fluids that follow throughout the hollow part of the brain.

56
Q

What is the Striate Cortex?

A

The Striate Cortex is the Central Visual Processor, also known as V1. It is responsible for receiving visual information and creating perception from it.

57
Q

What is the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?

A

The structure within the thalamus that first receives visual information.

58
Q

Where does the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus send its information?

A

Mostly to the Striate Cortex. It also sends messages to the Superior Colliculus to guide eye movements and to the Superchiasmatic Nucleus to guide wakefulness.

59
Q

What are the six layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus? What information do they receive?

A

1, 2 — Magnocellular
3, 4, 5, 6 — Parvocellular
Koniocellular layers live beneath each other layer, going from K1 to K6

60
Q

What is Retinopy?

A

The preservation of the 2D map of the visual field between the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus and striate cortex.

61
Q

What are the nine layers of the Striate Cortex? What are their specific responsibilities?

A 
I
II
III (Receives Parvocellular after IVC)
IVA
IVB (Receives Magnocellular after ICV)
IVC Alpha (This Layer receives Magnocellular + Parvocellular messages)
IVC Beta ( This Layer receives Koniocellular messages) 
V
VI
62
Q

What is Orientation Selectivity?

A

The phenomenon that some neurons respond only to different angles of light shapes. This is critical to the Ventral Pathway which is responsible for shape perception. Parvocellular. cells are more often direction selective than Magnocellular.

63
Q

What is Direction Selectivity?

A

The phenomenon that some neurons respond only to light that moves in one direction This is critical to the Dorsal Pathway which is responsible for motion perception. Magnocellular cells are more often direction selective than parvocellular.

64
Q

What is Colour Selectivity?

A

The phenomenon that some neurons respond only to certain wavelengths. They are found within cytochrome oxidase blobs and are critical to colour perception.

65
Q

What are the three main pathways of the Visual System? What are their functions?

A

Magnocellular (Motion and motor movements)
Parvocellular (Details and Shape)
Blobular (Colour)

66
Q

What is Audition?

A

The process by which sound waves are converted into electrical messages the brain can understand and perceive.

67
Q

What are the three tubes of the cochlea?

A

Scala Vestibuli
Scala Media
Scala Tympani

68
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

The structure that contains the hair cells that transduce sound waves. It is contained within the Scala Media.

69
Q

What fluids are contained in the Cochlea and which tubes do they fill?

A

Perilymph fill the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani. Endolymph fills the Scala Media. Its contents allow for depolarization of the hair cells.

70
Q

How does Place Theory work?

A

Vibrations dissipate kinetic energy, so high frequency sounds will only reach the very base of the cochlea. This means the brain can determine frequency by knowing where the activated hair cells were.

71
Q

How are Hair Cells depolarised?

A

Movement opens potassium channels because of higher tension on the Tip Link. This opens sodium channels, which leads to a positively charged cell. This releases glutamate to the Spiral Ganglions.

72
Q

What are Outer Hair Cells? Why are they special?

A

They create new noise to empower noises we can only barely detect, making them audible. They connect many cells to one ganglion cell and outnumber inner hair cells.

73
Q

Where do the Spiral Ganglions send their main messages?

A

Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear Nucleuses
Superior Olive
Inferior Colliculus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus (Of the Thalamus)

74
Q

What are the Otolith Organs? What do they do?

A

They are a structure within the Vestibular Labyrinth. They detect the direction of gravity.

75
Q

What are the Semicircular Canals? What do they do?

A

They are a structure within the Vestibular Labyrinth. They detect the rotation of the head.

76
Q

What are Kinocelium?

A

Structures within hair cells that determine the direction that excites and inhibits hair cells.

77
Q

What is the Vestibular Ocular Reflex?

A

The method by which our eyes stay trained on a target even as we move.

Personal Study (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions