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Personal Study > Cognitive Psychology by Bruce Goldstein > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology by Bruce Goldstein Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

The study of the mental processes, the properties and characteristics of the mind. This includes the study of thoughts, emotions, languages and perception

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2
Q

What is the mind?

A

The structure that allows humans to produce perception, attention, memory, emotions, language and thoughts. It uses information from the world to create actions accordingly.

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3
Q

Who were the first Cognitive Psychologists?

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus studied the cognitive topic of Memory using nonsense trigrams; Franciscus Donders studied the time needed to make a decision as a result of flashing lights.

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4
Q

Which two scientists started the Behaviorism Movement?

A

John Watson conducted the Little Albert Experiment to champion the study of observable behavior while B. F Skinner defined Operant Conditioning with his studies on pigeons.

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5
Q

Which four events created the Cognitive Revolution?

A

Edward Tolman’s discovery of the Mental Map with rats.
Noam Chomsky’s critique on Skinner’s behavioristic explanation of language.
The study of computation and its application to the mind.
The Magic Number of Working Memory, discovered by George Miller.

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6
Q

What are the three aspects of modern Cognitive Psychology?

A 
Systematic Processes (Vision, Hearing, Attention)
Mental Processes (Memory and Language)
Neuroscience (Brain Structure)
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7
Q

What is the Principal of Neural Representation?

A

We represent topics mentally with patterns of neural activity; We cannot actually perceive a table or topic without this neural activity.

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8
Q

What is Population and Spare Coding?

A

The method of representing perception through patterns of activity in the brain. Population Coding uses many neurons to create a pattern whereas Sparse Coding uses fewer neurons to create patterns.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Parahippocampal Area?

A

It creates our perception of locations and spatial configurations.

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10
Q

What is the function of the Fusiform Area?

A

It creates our perception of faces.

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11
Q

What is the function of the Extrastriate Area?

A

It creates our perception of human body parts.

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12
Q

What is a Distributed Representation?

A

The statement that our perception requires patterns of activity within many structures of the brain that are connected.

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13
Q

What is a Double Dissociation?

A

The neuropsychological results that find persons incapable of doing Task A but not Task B and other persons capable of Task B but not Task A are called Double Dissociations. This shows that they are separate functions in the brain.

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14
Q

What is Structural Connectivity?

A

The number of axons connecting two structures in the brain. Connectivity between two structures is a requirement for them to form a neural network.

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15
Q

What is Functional Connectivity?

A

The correlation of activity between two structures. When the correlation is high, these structures must work together to accomplish a function.

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16
Q

What are the Illusion and Amensia Theories?

A

Illusion Theory states that we cannot perceive the background information on which we do not focus; Amnesia Theory states that we cannot retrieve that information.

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17
Q

What was the Door Experiment?

A

Simon and Lewis (1999) showed the concept of Change Blindness by showing that persons can be replaced from conversations after confederates walked between members of that conversation holding a door.

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18
Q

What are the four cognitive processes that seperate perception from sensation?

A

Differentiation between Items
Detection of Blurred or Obscured Items
Integration of different Angles
Reasoning as to the bigger picture of the scene

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19
Q

What is Speech Segmentation?

A

The ability to differentiate specific words within sentences even though conversation constantly produces sound without pause.

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20
Q

What is Statistical Learning within Language?

A

The ability to connect syllables into words depending on the likelihood that another syllable with be present. This is how children learn to differentiate words.

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21
Q

What is Unconscious Inference?

A

The term coined by Helmholtz to state that we tend to perceive the simplest (or most likely) explanation of events when many are available.

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22
Q

What are the three main laws of Gestalt Psychology?

A

Continuation states we tend to perceive connected objects as one object. Simplicity states we tend to perceive a simple explanation over a complex one. Similarity states that we tend to perceive similar shapes as singular.

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23
Q

What is the Oblique Effect?

A

We tend to perform better when perceiving straight lines rather than angled lines. This effect is ubiquitous; It effects all people.

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24
Q

What information does the What Pathway contribute to perception? Where does this Pathway take the information?

A

The What Pathway allows us to name objects. Activity within the Visual Cortex is carried to the Temporal Lobe. This Pathway has also been called the Perception Pathway.

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25
Q

What information does the Where Pathway contribute to perception? Where does this Pathway take the information?

A

The Where Pathway allows us to locate objects within our surroundings. Activity within the Visual Cortex is carried to the Parietal Lobe. This Pathway has also been called the Action Pathway.

26
Q

What are Rotation Experiments within Cognitive Psychology? Give an example.

A

Cooper and Shepard (1973) used Mental Chronometry to show that we must rotate a visual image before we can perceive it normally, showing a link between perception and visualisation.

27
Q

What is the Imagery Debate?

A

The argument whether perceptual processes are created through Visualizations or whether Visualizations are side-effects of processes that rely on language.

28
Q

What were the conclusions of the Imagery Debate?

A

Perception and Visualization share many but not all mechanisms.

29
Q

What is the Topographical Map within the Visual Cortex?

A

The Structure of the Visual Cortex that places neurons activated when considering distant objects at the back (posterior) of the Cortex and neurons activated when considering near objects at the front (anterior) of the Cortex.

30
Q

What are the two subclasses of Visual Imagery?

A

Spatial Imagery refer to our ability to visualize information with respect to their location and rotation. Object Imagery refers to our ability to visualize the many features of a stimulus.

31
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

The process of concentrating on a singular stimulus when multiple are present.

32
Q

What is Divided Attention?

A

The process of concentrating on several topics. This often requires training to do; It can eventually become automatic when performing easy tasks but not difficult tasks.

33
Q

What is Attentional Capture?

A

The process of moving our concentration quickly from one stimulus to a dangerous or emotional stimulus.

34
Q

What is the Early Filter Model of Attention? Who created this Model?

A

Broadbent (1958) designed the Early Filter Model of Attention to show that only information to which we attend becomes processed into memory.

35
Q

What is the Leaky Filter Model of Attention? Who created this Model?

A

Treisman (1964) created the Leaky Filter Model to show that information that is emotional or relevant can be processed even though we do not attend to this information. It bettered the Model made by Broadbent.

36
Q

What are Late Selection Models of Attention?

A

Attentional Models that argue the meaning of a word is processed before the decision of whether we should or should not perceive the word. It explains why we perceive information significant to us through Topdown Processing.

37
Q

What is Processing Load?

A

The difficulty we find within concentrating on a task.

38
Q

What is Processing Capacity?

A

The amount which we can concentrate on at any given point.

39
Q

What is the Load Theory of Attention?

A

The theory that states that free cognitive resources are available to distractions, suggesting we are more easily distracted when not concentrated.

40
Q

What are Saccadic Eye Movements?

A

The sharp movements performed by our eyes that move our Central Vision to something new.

41
Q

What is Stimulus Salience? What determines salience?

A

Stimulus Salience is the amount to which a stimulus naturally attracts attention. Colour, Orientation and Contrast all determine salience.

42
Q

What were the findings of the Pre-Cueing Experiment completed by Posner et al?

A

They found that presenting a cue that directed Covert Attention to a target decreased reaction time. This showed that Attention benefits perception even when Overt Attention is not used.

43
Q

What were the findings of the Brain Map produced by Cukur in 2012?

A

The brain devotes more structures to representing a stimulus when searching specifically for that stimulus. This shows that attention has physiological effects.

44
Q

What is Feature Integration Theory?

A

The theory that states that our perception of the many features of a stimulus comes together to create our perception of that stimulus. When not concentrated, we can confuse features between targets.

45
Q

What are the three Attention Networks within the Brain? What are their functions?

A

The Dorsal Attention Network (Lower Processes)
The Ventral Attention Network (Higher Processes)
The Executive Attention Network (Command)

46
Q

What is Effective Connectivity?

A

The ease at which information travels from one brain structure to another.

47
Q

What is the Modal Memory Model? Who created it?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin created a Model of Memory that depicted Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term connected by several Control Processes.

48
Q

What is Sensory Memory? Who proved the amount we can detect with Sensory Memory?

A

Sensory Memory is our recollection of everything that creates sensual stimulation. It lasts for only a moment but stores 82% of everything we detect, as shown by George Sperling.

49
Q

What is the difference between Short-Term Memory and Working Memory?

A

Short-Term Memory is merely a container for information whereas the Working Memory can actively manipulate and understand information.

50
Q

What effects are created by the Phonological Loop?

A

The Audible Similarity Effect states that we tend to muddle words that sound similar even when we are involved in a visual task.

The Word Length Effect states that we tend to remember words we can more quickly repeat in our head.

51
Q

What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?

A

The element of Working Memory that allows us to create Mental Maps and remember visual information like appearances and spatial layouts.

52
Q

Why are the Phonological Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad different systems?

A

We can use them both simultaneously.

53
Q

Why does high Working Memory lead to better outcomes in life?

A

Working Memory determines our ability to relate recent information. This determines reading comprehension, language learning and attentional skills.

54
Q

What are the Primacy and Recency Effects? What causes them?

A

The Primacy and Recency Effects state that we tend to remember events towards the start and end of a list. We have more time to rehearse events at the start and the least time has passed since the end of the list.

55
Q

What is Proactive and Retroactive Interference?

A

Proactive Interference refers to our difficulty to learn new material that is similar to previous material. Retroactive Interference refers to our difficulty to remember old material that is similar to new material.

56
Q

What are the three methods of Encoding?

A

Visual or Structural
Auditory or Phonetic
Semantic

57
Q

What are Autobiographical Memories?

A

Combinations of Semantic and Episodic Memories that are more stable than their elements.

58
Q

What is the Constructive Episodic Simulation?

A

We construct visualizations of future events by rearranging our memory of past events.

59
Q

What is Priming?

A

Perceptual Memories that are Implicit by nature. They are developed by presenting subliminal suggestions.

60
Q

What are Procedural Memories?

A

Implicit Memories that allow us to perform automated actions.

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