Health Psychology by Michael Murry, David Marks and Emme Vida Estacio Flashcards
##CHAPTER 1 What is the definition of Health?
Health is the state of comfort and happiness associated with the satisfaction of psychical, cultural, psychosocial, economic, spiritual needs.
##CHAPTER 1 What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was a model that celebrated human autonomy by describing the events needed to occur for a person to be perfectly healthy in body, mind and soul.
##CHAPTER 1 What is Homeostasis?
The preference of the body and mind to return to a baseline or neutral state.
##CHAPTER 1 What is Quality of Life?
A psychometric used to determine a person’s assessment of how positive or negative the events of their lives are.
##CHAPTER 1 What is the Homeostatic Theory of Wellbeing?
The Theory that people have a baseline mood that the body strives to keep regular.
##CHAPTER 1 What are Eudemonic Theories?
Theories that contend that people’s happiness is closely related to meaning and purpose, meaning that happiness is not homeostatic.
##CHAPTER 1 Why is pure Individualism a poor approach to Health Psychology?
Individualism contends that healthy and unhealthy behaviours are solely the cause of the agent, meaning that social, environmental and economic factors are not studied. It provides an incomplete picture.
##CHAPTER 1 What is the Biopsychosocial Model?
An approach to studying health that promotes examining decisions through the lens of biological, psychological and social systems.
##CHAPTER 1 What is the Measurement Problem in Psychology?
Measurements cannot be based on observations, so they must be based on interval measurements that cannot be compared effectively because they have no zero point. However, comparisons are made anyway.
##CHAPTER 1 What are the five layers Onion Framework of Health Psychology? Why have this Framework?
Age, Sex, Weight, Genetics. Personal Lifestyle Social Lifestyle Working Conditions Community and Environment
This Framework helps to remind researchers that decisions are made based on many systems. This helps to create a fuller and more accurate picture.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What are the three systems of Biological Health? What do they do and what tools do they use?
The Nervous System controls movement, sensation and decisions. It uses neurons and glial.
The Endocrine System manages homeostasis by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
The Immune System destroys foreign agents by producing antibodies.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is the Somatic Nervous System? What transmitters does it use to communicate?
The section of the Nervous System that controls movement and sensation. The motor division uses Acetylcholine. The sensation division uses many.
“Soma” comes from the Classical Greek for “body”!
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is the Automatic Nervous System? What does it use to communicate?
The section of the Nervous System that creates sympathetic responses and parasympathetic responses. It uses Adrenaline and Noradrenaline mainly.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is the Amygdala's main function?
The Amygdala creates the biological aspect of fear. It helps to create painful memories that prevent unhelpful behaviours.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is the Reward Circuit of the Brain?
The Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens work together to send dopamine signals to the Hippocampus, where a positive memory is made. The Hypothalamus helps by promoting behaviour that activates the VTA and NA.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is the Periventricular Circuit of the Brain?
It is the Punishment Circuit of the Brain. It prevents unwanted behaviours. It contains the Hippocampus and Hypothalamus.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What are the glands of the Endocrine System?
Anterior and Posterior Pituary Gland (Coolest Gland) Thyroid Pancreas Adrenal Glands Gonads
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is Hyptothamlo-Pituary-Adrenal Pathway?
The Pathway that releases corticotropin-releasing hormone, which eventually convinces the Pituary Gland to release cortisol. The Pathway uses cortisol to create stress and certain emotions.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What are the two layers of the Immune System?
The Innate Layer is a team of walls and cells that prevent foreign agents from entry.
The Adaptive Layer is a team of cells that destroy the bacteria that get through the first layer.
##CHAPTER 2-- Biological Health What is the field of Psychoneuroimmunology?
The field of study that covers the connection between psychological, neurological and immune processes.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics, Epigenetics and Childhood What is DNA? What is its purpose?
DNA is a structure composed of a special type of sugar, a phosphate group and a single nitrogen base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine). They tell the body how to create proteins, which give neurons their character and personality.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics and Epigenetics What are genotypes and phenotypes?
Genotypes are the genes we have. Phenotypes are the genes we express.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics and Epigenetics What is RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)?
The molecule that reads the DNA and creates proteins from the instructions within.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics, Epigenetics and Childhood What was the significance of Gregor Mendel's 1866 study of pea plants?
He discovered that pea plants inherited new traits based not by merging their parents’ traits, but by selecting one trait from the two available traits offered by the two parents. These traits were based on genes, which Mendel discovered.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics and Epigenetics Why is the Nature-Nurture debate so important?
Discovering the best treatment for a stressor requires that we understand what event caused that stressor, so that it can be prevented in future. The Debate hopes to lead us towards the cause of certain stressors.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics and Epigenetics What are the two ways genes can have their expression changed?
Methylation is the process by which a methyl group is attached to a segment of DNA, shutting it off. Histone Modification changes the shape of a chromosome, altering gene expression.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics and Epigenetics What are Intergenerational Transmission? Why are this topic so important?
Changes in genetic expressions that are passed from parent to child. They can cause many negative developments in adulthood if a child receives maladaptive changes. Starved mothers can provide children with gene expression that puts on excessive weight, for example.
##CHAPTER 3-- Genetics and Epigenetics What is Epigenetics?
The study of heritable characteristics caused by changes in the expression of DNA. They are the method by which DNA is translated.
##Chapter 4-- Macro Social Influences What is the Responsible Consumer Mythology?
An individualistic perspective that holds that consumers will make the right decision provided accurate information.
##Chapter 4-- Macro Social Influences What is Gross Domestic Product? Why is it important to health?
The value of all products made within a country or region. It is a measurement of economic health, which shows whether occupants have the money to make healthy decisions.
##Chapter 4-- Macro Social Influences What are Communicable and non-Communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases are viruses that spread from person to person (COVID). Non-Communicable diseases are caused by internal health (Cancer).
##Chapter 4-- Macro Social Influences What are the five most major societal influences on Health?
Population Growth Life Expectancy Poverty Inequality Racism
##Chapter 4-- Macro Social Influences What factors effect people in poverty to decrease health?
Clean Water Sanitation Good Diet Housing Education Employment Medication.
##Chapter 4-- Macro Social Influences What is Ethnocentrism?
The preference for official voices, such as homeowners and taxpayers, in deciding policy. This prevent the most desperate from being heard.
##Chapter 5-- Social Justice What is the Inverse Care Law?
Those who need medication the most receive the least.
##Chapter 5-- Social Justice What is the Right to Health?
The right not only to be healthy but also to live within a healthy environment and society.
##Chapter 5-- Social Justice What is Stigmatization? What effects does it have on people?
Stigmatization is the process by which groups are removed from mainstream society because of a certain characteristic.
It prevents stigmatized persons from accessing health services, employment and prevents social change.
##Chapter 5-- Social Justice What are Dahlgren and Whitehead's (1991) four steps to an equitable society?
Empower Individuals
Empower Communities
Create Effective Systems of Heath
Create Policy Change
##Chapter 5-- Social Justice What is Social Capital? How is it fostered?
Social Capital is a theoretical resource held by people who have the relationships and reputation needed to create social change. It has many positive health benefits.
Social Capital can be generated by bridging different communities and bonding one community together. Suffrage is the first step towards Social Capital.
##Chapter 6-- Culture and Health What is Culture?
Culture is a force that helps decides how we think about and perceive health problems
##Chapter 6-- Culture and Health How can we study Culture?
Cultural Psychology shows the dynamic relationships between peoples and culture through the use of beliefs, practices, languages and symbols. Cross-Sectional Psychology compares different cultures.
##Chapter 6-- Culture and Health What are beliefs?
Reasoned and dynamic statements that guide persons towards moral and personally significant events.
##Chapter 6-- Culture and Health What are the three most fundamental components of the biomedical Health System?
The Professional Sector
The Specialist Sector
The Popular Sector
These sectors may have different and contradicting beliefs about best practices. They have their own needs and wants.
##Chapter 6-- Culture and Health What is Social Representations Theory?
The Theory that humans create a shared explanation for certain events based on socialisation and experience.
##Chapter 7-- Research Methods What are the three main types of Research Methods?
Quantitative (Based on Numeracy)
Qualitative (Based on Ideas, Thoughts)
Action Research
##Chapter 7-- Research Methods What is Action Research?
Research into the operation of Government services such as healthcare. These methods hope to change the way the system works to be more productive.
##Chapter 7-- Research Methods What are the problems with a Within-Groups Design?
Changes in the dependent variable can come from events that happen to participants between measurements.
##Chapter 7-- Research Methods What is the Replication Crisis? What is its causes?
The problem that many psychological studies do not show the same results when done twice. Disconfirming evidence is rarely published; Research must be kept concise, so exact methods are not shown; Monetary and fame incentives encourage fraud and bias.
##Chapter 7-- Research Methods What is Taxonomy?
The creation of strict definitions for methods in psychology. This strictness is necessary for the replication process, since methods must be repeated with highly similar methods within these studies.
