Neurophysiology of cognition (Karius)

Question 1

In regards to language pathways, the __ system relays information to the language implementation system from the 3rd system in language production

Answer 1

Mediational system

Question 2

In regards to language pathways, __ pathway provides the concepts that underlie language (e.g., what a “cup” is)

Answer 2

conceptual pathway

Question 3

in regards to language pathways, __ includes Brocas and Wernickes areas, identifies and allows us to speak or read the word in question

Answer 3

Language implementation system

Question 4

Regarding language learning in infants…
In early infancy, all sounds recognized as sounds. By __ months old, lose ability to recognize irrelevant phonemes. At about __ years of age, this process is complete and “talking” begins. Multiple languages learned in this period all co-locate to __

Answer 4

6-9 months

1 year

Brocas area

Question 5

in the planning of complex motor actions, the prefrontal cortex interacts with __

Answer 5

parieto-temporal-occipital association area & all levels of motor cortex

Question 6

in the carrying out of “thought processes”, the prefrontal cortex interacts with the __ for working memory. For judgement, the prefrontal cortex interacts with __

Answer 6

working memory=Hippocampus

Judgement=multiple areas, Limbic in particular

Question 7

3 probable roles of the prefrontal cortex:

Answer 7

• Reward processing (orbitofrontal) –> with amygdala, we link new stimulus to primary reward
• Integration of bodily signals (ventromedial prefrontal) –> “gut feeling”-decision when logical analysis unable to help
• Top down regulation -> esp towards delayed gratification

Question 8

Social cognition is divided into these 2 components:

Answer 8

• Emotion comprehension (recognition)

- Theory of mind

Question 9

Social cognition:
__ = an individuals ability to infer the emotional state of another from observable information, such as prosody and FACIAL EXPRESSION

Answer 9

Emotion comprehension

Question 10

Social cognition: Emotional comprehension..

What areas help us recognize facial expressions (and therefore faces)?

Answer 10

Superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area)

Question 11

our ability to recognize emotion in anthers face may be the result of activation of a system of neurons known as the __ system

Answer 11

mirror neuron system

Question 12

the __ controls the use of the eyes and directs the gaze that triangle (particularly the eyes) when looking at human faces

Answer 12

amygdala

Question 13

an individual with damage to the __ spends very little time looking at the eyes of another and doesn’t methodically scan the face

Answer 13

amygdala

Question 14

Regarding the mirror neurons and imitation of other peoples emotions..
__ provides the visual input –> __ identifies the motor action –> __ identifies the goal/purpose of the action

Answer 14

posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus

posterior mirror neuron system

anterior mirror neuron system

Question 15

regarding the mirror neurons and imitative behavior…

the circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via the __

Answer 15

insula

Question 16

in the perception of prosody, __ is required for the basics of sound processing, including identity of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of the sound

Answer 16

Primary auditory cortex

Question 17

in the perception of prosody, auditory information from the primary auditory cortex is then sent to the ___, where along with other acoustical information from secondary auditory processes, we begin to piece together the meaning of the loudness, pitch, etc. of the vocalization

Answer 17

right posterior superior temporal sulcus (meaning)

Question 18

In the perception of prosody, after we piece together meaning of loudness, pitch, etc. in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, the judgement of the emotional stimulus is then determined in the __

Answer 18

frontal cortex (emotional content)

Question 19

__ is the ability to understand the mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own

Answer 19

Theory of mind (social cognition)

Question 20

Core pathway for Theory of Mind (social cognition)?

Answer 20

Amygdala and connections to the medial temporal lobes and orbitofrontal areas

Question 21

regarding decision making..

__-this system learns and encodes the subjective value of the results. It is also involved in error detection

Answer 21

Action selection system-Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 22

regarding decision making…

the __ system consists of the basal ganglia, amygdala, insular cortex, and intraparietal cortex

Answer 22

Expected reward system

Question 23

regarding decision making..

a decision in which the risks are explicit (known) relies most heavily on the __ system

Answer 23

stimulus encoding

Question 24

regarding decision making…

decisions in which the risks are unknown relies most heavily on the __ system and, eventually on the __ system

Answer 24

Expected reward

Action selection

Question 25

The stimulus encoding system predicts the consequences of actions and is made up anatomically of __

Answer 25

orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial frontal, striatum

Question 26

the expected reward system consists anatomically of __

Answer 26

amygdala, basal ganglia, insular cortex, intraparietal cortex

Question 27

the action selection system deals with learning from mistakes and encodes results. It anatomically consists of __

Answer 27

anterior cingulate cortex