Neurophysiology of cognition (Karius) Flashcards
In regards to language pathways, the __ system relays information to the language implementation system from the 3rd system in language production
Mediational system
In regards to language pathways, __ pathway provides the concepts that underlie language (e.g., what a “cup” is)
conceptual pathway
in regards to language pathways, __ includes Brocas and Wernickes areas, identifies and allows us to speak or read the word in question
Language implementation system
Regarding language learning in infants…
In early infancy, all sounds recognized as sounds. By __ months old, lose ability to recognize irrelevant phonemes. At about __ years of age, this process is complete and “talking” begins. Multiple languages learned in this period all co-locate to __
6-9 months
1 year
Brocas area
in the planning of complex motor actions, the prefrontal cortex interacts with __
parieto-temporal-occipital association area & all levels of motor cortex
in the carrying out of “thought processes”, the prefrontal cortex interacts with the __ for working memory. For judgement, the prefrontal cortex interacts with __
working memory=Hippocampus
Judgement=multiple areas, Limbic in particular
3 probable roles of the prefrontal cortex:
- Reward processing (orbitofrontal) –> with amygdala, we link new stimulus to primary reward
- Integration of bodily signals (ventromedial prefrontal) –> “gut feeling”-decision when logical analysis unable to help
- Top down regulation -> esp towards delayed gratification
Social cognition is divided into these 2 components:
- Emotion comprehension (recognition)
- Theory of mind
Social cognition:
__ = an individuals ability to infer the emotional state of another from observable information, such as prosody and FACIAL EXPRESSION
Emotion comprehension
Social cognition: Emotional comprehension..
What areas help us recognize facial expressions (and therefore faces)?
Superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area)
our ability to recognize emotion in anthers face may be the result of activation of a system of neurons known as the __ system
mirror neuron system
the __ controls the use of the eyes and directs the gaze that triangle (particularly the eyes) when looking at human faces
amygdala
an individual with damage to the __ spends very little time looking at the eyes of another and doesn’t methodically scan the face
amygdala
Regarding the mirror neurons and imitation of other peoples emotions..
__ provides the visual input –> __ identifies the motor action –> __ identifies the goal/purpose of the action
posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus
posterior mirror neuron system
anterior mirror neuron system
regarding the mirror neurons and imitative behavior…
the circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via the __
insula
in the perception of prosody, __ is required for the basics of sound processing, including identity of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of the sound
Primary auditory cortex
in the perception of prosody, auditory information from the primary auditory cortex is then sent to the ___, where along with other acoustical information from secondary auditory processes, we begin to piece together the meaning of the loudness, pitch, etc. of the vocalization
right posterior superior temporal sulcus (meaning)
In the perception of prosody, after we piece together meaning of loudness, pitch, etc. in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, the judgement of the emotional stimulus is then determined in the __
frontal cortex (emotional content)
__ is the ability to understand the mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own
Theory of mind (social cognition)
Core pathway for Theory of Mind (social cognition)?
Amygdala and connections to the medial temporal lobes and orbitofrontal areas
regarding decision making..
__-this system learns and encodes the subjective value of the results. It is also involved in error detection
Action selection system-Anterior cingulate cortex
regarding decision making…
the __ system consists of the basal ganglia, amygdala, insular cortex, and intraparietal cortex
Expected reward system
regarding decision making..
a decision in which the risks are explicit (known) relies most heavily on the __ system
stimulus encoding
regarding decision making…
decisions in which the risks are unknown relies most heavily on the __ system and, eventually on the __ system
Expected reward
Action selection
The stimulus encoding system predicts the consequences of actions and is made up anatomically of __
orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial frontal, striatum
the expected reward system consists anatomically of __
amygdala, basal ganglia, insular cortex, intraparietal cortex
the action selection system deals with learning from mistakes and encodes results. It anatomically consists of __
anterior cingulate cortex
