Learning and memory (Karius)

Question 1

__ memory=implicit/non-declarative/reflexive. Skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic

Answer 1

Procedural

e.g., riding a bike

Question 2

__ memory=aka explicit memory. The conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences. Events or facts stored in your memory

Answer 2

Declarative

e.g., the face you learned for the test

Question 3

__ memory=recalling a fact/memory for use-it may be a subset of short-term memory

Answer 3

working

e.g., recalling a fact for use in a test question –> you’ve learned it, now retrieving it for use

Question 4

__=increased activity increases the amount of Ca in the pre-synaptic terminal which increases NT release. Brief, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron which produces increased NT release, lasts about 60 secs

Answer 4

Post-tetanic stimulation

Question 5

__=5HT release/binding to receptors on presynaptic terminal increases NT release by keeping neuron depolarized longer.

Answer 5

Pre-synaptic facilitation

Question 6

In pre-synaptic facilitation, binding of 5HT leads to activation of __ and increased __

Answer 6

activation of AC

increased cAMP

Question 7

__=Changes in both pre- and post-synaptic responses to NT release so same NT release creates larger response (NMDA response). Lasts for hours, usually follows strong stimulation

Answer 7

Long-term potentiation

Question 8

Long term potentiation is associated with gene transcription related to increased ___

Answer 8

CREB

Question 9

In creating Declarative (explicit) memories…

1) ___=Attending to new info & linking it to previous memories
2) ___=retention of info over time; Long term capacity not limited - i.e., your brain has infinite storage capacity
3) ___=process of making a memory permanent. Involves physical changes in synaptic structure
4) ___=recalling or using the memory, bringing it into working memory, and can be modified/lost at this point

Answer 9

1) Encoding
2) storage of information
3) consolidation
4) retrieval

Question 10

For short term memory…
Anatomical substrate?
Physiological substrate?

Answer 10

anatomical substrate: Hippocampus, Parahippocampal cortex, Prefrontal cortex

physiological substrate: LTP (long term potentiation) allows us to store information

Question 11

Consolidating memory from short- to long-term requires what anatomical structures?

Answer 11

• hippocampus
• temporal lobes
• Papez circuit

Question 12

trace the path for consolidating memory from short- to long-term…

Answer 12

Hypothalamus –> anterior thalamus –> cingulate cortex –> hippocampus

Question 13

for recalling/retrieving memories, trace the path…

Answer 13

Must take the memory components from “storage area” –> send to parahippocampal cortex –> send to hippocampus where entire memory is “reconstructed” –> information travels back through parahippocampus to the cortex via parahippocampal region (keeps the trace)

Question 14

central executive component located in __

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex

Question 15

phonological loop component located in __

Answer 15

Broca’s and Wernicke’s

Question 16

visuospatial loop component located in ___

Answer 16

Occipital cortex associated with vision

Question 17

Spatial memory is stored in the __, using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as __

Answer 17

Hippocampus

Place cells