Neurophysiology, Neurochemistry, and Drug Action

Question 1

How do groups of nerve cells work together

Answer 1

work as circuits or systems

Question 2

Sensory receptor cells transduce what specific classes of info

Answer 2

specific classes of info,

physical, mechanical, or chemical

Question 3

What do all neurons transduce

Answer 3

chemical signals from other neurons internal electrical signal

Question 4

action potentials

Answer 4

electrical impulses that are conveyed along the axons

Question 5

neurotransmitter

Answer 5

chemical signal

Question 6

cell membrane

Answer 6

part of the neuron that generally receives these chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters that have been released,

made up of lipid bilayer and membrane bound proteins that function as channels, receptors, enzymes, and transport proteins

has gated channels that allow ions through

Question 7

second messengers

Answer 7

internal chemical sigmas generated after the first messenger activates the receptor

Question 8

what is the typical charge of a neuron

Answer 8

70 millivolts

Question 9

voltage difference

Answer 9

resting membrane potential pot cell membrane

Question 10

Sodium, calcium and chloride

Answer 10

concentrates on the outside of the membrane

Question 11

Potassium and large protein anions

Answer 11

more highly concentrates in the cell

Question 12

What are the 2 physical forces that are important for regulating the movements of ions

Answer 12

Concentration gradient

Electrical gradient

Question 13

concentration gradient

Answer 13

diffusion from an area of high to low concentration

Question 14

electrical gradient

Answer 14

caused by like charges repelling molecules and opposite charges attracting molecules

Question 15

Sodium/potassium

Answer 15

pumped into the cell

Question 16

what is the major energy input into the system that establishes the resting membrane potential

Answer 16

transportation of sodium

Question 17

EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Answer 17

small and transient changes in the voltage characteristics of the membrane which results in the inside of the membrane moving in a positive direction relative to the resting membrane potential

Question 18

IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Answer 18

small transient electrical change in the inside of the membrane that move in a negative direction in response to the detections of neurotransmitting chemicals

Question 19

Glutamate and Gaba

Answer 19

two common neurotransmitters that cause electrical changes in the postsynaptic cell

Question 20

Glutamate

Answer 20

produces an electrical change in a positive direction (EPSP)

Question 21

GABA

Answer 21

usually produces an electrical charge in the negative direction (IPSP)

Question 22

Action Potentials

Answer 22

another major type of electrical signal generated in the neurons

very large transient changes in the voltage characteristics of the membrane potential

firing of these are recorded in experiments

Question 23

voltage

Answer 23

gated channels- regulated by the electrical characteristics of the cell membrane

Question 24

ascending limb action potential

Answer 24

the opening of voltage gated sodium channels that are opened by the arrival at the axons of the ESPs that are large enough to cross the threshold

Question 25

descending limb of action potential

Answer 25

produced by the opening of voltage gates potassium channels rives the potential back down

Question 26

Transmitter binding to the Receptor

Answer 26

Propagates along the surface of the membrane meaning that ESPs ISPs or action potentials are initiated at one point on the cell and then move in all directions along the membrane
They are graded- ESPS/ISP is bigger if there is no stimulus and smaller if there is a smaller stimulus
They are decremental- they decrease in size the further away they are from the original point of stimulation
Action potentials are propagated in an all or none fashion
Frequency and pattern of action potentials can be modulated and those changes encode and transmit info in the nervous system

Question 27

Synapse

Answer 27

the gap the chemical signals that neurons use to communicate with each other across

Question 28

How are action potentials generated

Answer 28

Synapse - the gap the chemical signals that neurons use to communicate with each other across the synapse
Trigger neurotransmitter release from the terminals
When the action potential reaches the terminal is causes voltage gated calcium channels to open
Calcium goes through these channels into the terminal causing a neurotransmitter to be released from the storage vesicles in the terminal and in the space between the neurons

Question 29

synthesis

Answer 29

refers to the fact that neurotransmitters are manufactures or synthesized from the starting material known as a precursor, usually accomplished by one or more enzymatic reactions

Question 30

storage

Answer 30

in the terminal typically membranous synaptic vesicles

Question 31

release

Answer 31

neurotransmitter is what from the synaptic vesicles, typically by an influx of calcium

Question 32

inactivation

Answer 32

occurs through the combination of enzymatic breakdown and the uptake into the presynaptic membrane

Question 33

Classical Neurotransmitters include

Answer 33

GABA
Glutamate
Dopamine (DA)