Neurophysiology And NeuroAnatomy For NFB Flashcards
What describes the EEG beta rhythm?
Desynchronous
When we are vigilant, input from the _____ helps generate the beta rhythm
Reticular activating system
Which brain structure functions most like a thermostat
Hypothalamus
Neurotransmitters are primarily activated by
Reuptake
An axon hillock must typically become ________mV more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.
20mV
Which is the noradrenergic pathway responsible for vigilance?
Locus Coeruleus
Most sensory input to the cerebral cortex is filtered and distributed by the…..
thalamus
Increased firing in the _______ produces cortical activation.
Dorsal lateral tagmental nucleus and nucleus basalis
_______ neurons in the brain stem generate thalamic alpha rhythms.
Cholonergic
Which structure is crucial to emotional intelligence because it’s sensitizes us to the social consequences of her actions and helps us understand the feelings of others?
Orbitofrontal cortex
According to the central timing, hypothesis, alpha frequency, determines what
Information processing speed
When neurons depolarize _____ . This makes the neurons more _______ inside.
When neurons depolarize, sodium ions enter and this makes the neurons more positive inside.
In sodium potassium transporters, …
Exchanges 3 sodium ions for 2 potassium ions
What triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of the axon terminal button
Calcium (Ca+) entry into the terminal button
Which structure may help activate behavior and focus attention?
Cingulate gyrus (it’s overactive in OCD)
Sterman proposed that _______ systems mainly influence thalamic generation of field potentials recorded from the scalp.
Vigilance,
sensorimotor integration, and cognitive integration
Which process best explains the persistence of neurofeedback training effects in ADHD
Long-term potentiation
The withdrawal of sensorimotor input to the thalamus increases _____ activity
SMR
The fight or flight response is organized by the ________
Hypothalamus
Postsynaptic potentials are mainly integrated at the
Axon hillock
The specialized proteins located in neuronal membrane’s that have passages that can open or close are called
Ion channels
The brain and spinal cord comprise the
Central nervous system
The difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell at any point in time is the
Membrane potential
Axoaxionic synapses
Alter the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic neuron
The mechanisms that cause an action potential involves a brief
Drop in membrane resistance to SODIUM ions
The postsynaptic potential produced by an ionotropic receptor is
Rapid and short-lived
While neurons cannot fire during _______, intense stimuli can trigger an action potential during _______.
The absolute refractory period; the relative refractory period
The voltage level that triggers, an action potential is called
The threshold of excitation
Neuron terminal buttons
Release neurotransmitters
What detect and generally reduce transmitter synthesis and release?
Autoreceptors
Presynaptic facilitation and presynaptic inhibition both take place at the
Terminal button
______ ions enter the neuron when it reaches the threshold of excitation.
Sodium
The process by which ions of a similar charge repel each other, and thus evenly distribute themselves is called
Electrostatic pressure
The part of the neuron that carries information to its own cell body is called the
Dendrite
What would produce an IPSP
Both potassium ions leaving a neuron and chloride ions entering a neuron
When a neuron is at rest, the inside of an axon
Is negatively charged with respect to the outside
-70 millivolts
The ______ interacts with the cortex to produce critical EEG rhythms
Thalamus
Axons that arise from cell bodies located in one brain region that synapse on neurons in another region are called
Projection fibers
To which of these would a Neurotransmitter attach to produce long lasting changes in neurons, like an increase in vigilance
Metabotropic receptor
What structure is involved and aggression, defense, fear, and reproduction?
Amygdala
The specialized proteins located in neuronal membrane’s that have passages that can open or close are called
Ion channels
The _______ controls the pituitary gland and motivated behaviors, like eating and drinking
Hypothalamus
The ______ lobe is the first stage for recognizing visual objects and faces
Temporal
Which functions are controlled by the temporal lobes
Language comprehension
Taste
Smell
Hearing
What EEG changes signal stage one sleep?
Vertex spikes
Theta activity
Alpha slowing and fragmentation
Delta activity in older patients
Which cortical lobe is responsible for executive functions like planning
Frontal
What is the major groove in the brain surface called?
Fissure
The diencephalon consist of the ______ and ________
Hypothalamus and thalamus
Which three structures comprise the basal ganglia
The caudate, putamen, & Globus pallidus
The telecephalon is the subdivision of the forebrain. Which three components does it contain?
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the
Frontal and parietal lobes
The _______ consist of clusters of neurons in the diencephalon that filter in relay information between four brain structures, including the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
The ______ rouses you when your alarm sounds in the morning
Reticular formation
Neurons in the _____, synapse with motor neurons that initiates skeletal muscle contractions
Precentral gyrus (also known as the primary motor cortex)
Which two structures are located below the temporal lobe
Hippocampus and amygdala
A ________ is a raised portion of the cortical surface
Gyrus
Which brain region is crucial to emotional intelligence, because it sensitizes us to both the social consequences of our own behavior, and the feelings of others?
Orbitofrontal cortex
The _______ processes, sensory information, like pressure and temperature, that comes from the body
Parietal lobe
Which three structures are part of the limbic system?
Septum
Hippocampus
Amygdala
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ______ lobe
Temporal
What structure may help activate behavior and focus attention
Cingulate gyrus
