NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
set of tpatways to and from the CNS that innervates and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
A
Autonomic Nervous system
2
Q
3 divisions of ANS
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
3
Q
[ANS] synapses between neurons are made in the__________
A
autonomic ganglia
4
Q
located in in or near the effector organs
A
Parasympathetic ganglia
5
Q
Located in the paravertebral chain
A
Sympathetic ganglia
6
Q
Have their cell bodies in the CNS adn synapse in the autonomic ganlia
A
Preganglionic neurons
7
Q
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate in the spinal cord segments ________
A
T1-L3 or thoracolumbar region
8
Q
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate int he nuclei of cranial nerves and in the spinal cord segments ________
A
S2 to S4 or craniosacral region
9
Q
_________ of both devisions of ANS have their cell bodies in the autonomic ganglia ans synapse on effector organs
A
Postganglionic neurons
10
Q
specialized ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system
A
Adrenal medulla
- preganglionic fibers synapse directlt in chromaffin cells
- secretes epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
11
Q
tumor of the adrenal medula that secretes excessive amount sof catecholamnes and is associated with increased excretion of 3 methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid (VMA)
A
Pheochromocytoma
12
Q
______release norepinephine as the neurotransmitter
A
Adrenergic neurons
13
Q
________ release ACh weheter in the SNS or PNS as the neurotranmistter
A
Cholinergic neurons
14
Q
includes some postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the GIT, which releasse substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide
A
Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons
15
Q
Organization of the autonomic Nervous system
A
16
Q
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic
Short preganglionic nerve axon
A
Sympathetic
17
Q
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic
long oreganglionic nerve axon
A
Parasympathetic
18
Q
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic
Nicotinic receptors in ganglion
A
BOTH
19
Q
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic
Muscarinic receptor in effector organs
A
Parasymapthetic
- alpha 1, alpha 2, B1 and B2 = Sympathetic
- nicotinic = somatic *
20
Q
Signalling pathways and mechanisms forAutonomic receptors
A
21
Q
Adrenergic receptors
A
alpha 1
alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
22
Q
Cholinergic receptors
A
NM (N1)
NN (N2)
M1
M2
M3
23
Q
located on vascular smooth muscles of the skin and splanchic regions, the GI, and bladder sphincters, and the radial muscle of the iris
A
Alpha 1
- Produce excitation (contraction or constriction)
24
Q
Mechanism of action of alpha 1 receptors
A
Gq protein, stimulation of phospholipase C and increase IP3 and intracellular calcium
25
Located on the sympathetic postganglionic nerve termnals (autoreceptors), platelets, fat cells, and the walls of the GI tract (heteroreceptors)
alpha 2
* often produce INHIBITION (relaxation or dilation)
26
Mechanism of action of alpha 2 receptors
Gi protein, inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decrease in cAMP
27
located in the SA node, AV node, and ventricular muscle of the heart
B1 receptors
* Produce **EXCITATION** (increased heart rate, increased conduction velocity, increased contractility)
* sensitive to both NE and E.
* more sensitive than alpha 1
28
Mechanism of action of B1 receptors
Gs protein, stimulation of adenyate cyclase and increase in cAMP
29
located on vascular smooth muscle of Skeletal muscle, bronchial smooth muscle, and the walls of GIT and bladder
B2 receptors
* Porduce RELAXATION (dilation of vascular smooth muscle, dilation of brochioles, relaxation of the bladder wall)
* More sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than NE
* more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than alpha 1
30
Mechanism of Action of B2 receptors
Gs protein, stimulation of adenylate cyclase and increase in cAMP (similar to B1)
31
EXCITATION OR RELAXATION?
alpha 1
excitation
32
EXCITATION OR RELAXATION OR INHIBITION?
alpha 2
inhibition
33
EXCITATION OR RELAXATION OR INHIBITION
B1
Excitation
34
EXCITATION OR RELAXATION OR INHIBITION
B2
Relaxation
35
located in the automic ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, at the NM junction and in the Adrenal medulla
Nicotinic reeptors
* Activated by ACh or nicotine
* produce EXCITATION
36
Nicotinic receptors are blocked by _________ in the autonomic ganglia, but not in the NMJ
ganglionic blockers (hexxamethonium)
37
Mechanism of action of Nicotinic receptors
ACh binds to alpha subunits of the nicotinic ACh receptor.
38
The nicotinic receptors are also ion channels for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Na and K
39
Located in the heart, smooth muscle, and glands
Muscarinic
* M2 (heart)
* M3 (smooth muscle , glands)
* activated by ACh and muscarine
40
muscarinic receptors are _______ in the heart
inhibitor
41
muscarinic receptors are ______ in smooth muscles and glands
Excitatory
42
Muscarinic receptors are blocked by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
atropine
43
Mechanism of action of muscarinic receptors
* Heart SA node: **Gi** protein, inhibition of adenylate cyclse, which leads to opening of K channels, slowing of the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization and decreased heart rate
* Smooth muscle and glands: **Gq**, stimualtion of phospholipasee C, and in increase in IP3 and intracellular Calcium
44
Prototype of drugs that affect autnomic activity
45
alpha 1 agonists
Norepineehrine
Phenylephrine
46
Alpha 1 antagonists
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Prazosin
47
Alpha 2 agonist
clonidine
48
Alpa 2 antagonists
Yohimbine
49
Beta 1 agonists
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dobutamine
50
Beta 1 antagonists
Propanolol
Metoprolol
51
Beta 2 agonist
Isoproterenol
Albuterol
52
B2 antagonist
Propanolol
Butoxamine
53
Nicotinic agonists
ACh
Nicotine
Carbachol
54
Nicotinic anatagnist
Curare (NMJ)
Hexamethonium (ganglionic N2 rceptors)
55
Muscarinic agonist
ACh
Muscarine
Carbachol
56
Muscarinic antagonist
Atropine
57
Effects of the autonomic nervous system on organ system
58
vasomotor center
respiatory center
swallowing, coughing, and vomiting center
Medulla
59
Pneumotaxic center
Pons
60
Micturition center
Midbrain
61
temperature regulaion center
thirst and food intake regulatory center
hypothalamus
62
Specialized epithelial cells or neurons that transduce environmental signals into neural signals
Sensory receptors
63
Types of sensory transducers
* Mechanoreceptors
* Photoreceptors
* Chemoreceptors
* Extreme of temperature and pain (nociceptors)
64
area of the body that, when stimualtd, changes, the firing rate of a sensory neuron.
Receptive field
65
Nerve fiber types
66
Steps in sensosry transduction
1. Stimulus arrives at the sensory receptor
2. Ion channels are opened in the sensory receptors
* usually inward. causing DEPOLARIZATION
* exception: Photoreceptors (HYPERPOLARIZTAION)
3. The change in membrane potential produced by the stimulus is the receptor potential or genrator potential
67
Slowly adpating or tonic receptors
muscle spindle; pressure; slow pain
68
Rapidly adapting of phasic receptors
pacinian corpuscle; light touch
69
Sensory pathways from the receptor to the cerebral cortex
1. Sensory receptors
* transduce the stimulus to electrial energy
2. First order neurons
3. Second order neurons
4. third order neuron
5. fourth order neurons
70
First order neuron of sensory pathway
primary afferent neurons.
dorsal root or spnal cord ganglia
71
Second order neuron of sensory pathway
relay nuclei and transmit to the thalamus
located in the SC or brain stem
May cross the midlone
72
Third order neuron of sensory pathway
located in the relay nuclei of the thalamus
from there, encoded sensory information ascends to the cerebral cortex.
73
fourth order neurons
located in the appropriate sensory area of the cerebral cortex. the information received results in a conscious perception of the stimulus
74
Includes the seantion of touch, movement, temperature,and pain
Somatosensory system
75
Pathways in the somatosensory system
Dorsal Column system
Anterolateral system
76
processes sensations of fine touch, pressure, two pint discrimination, vibration and proprioception
Dorsal column system
77
somatosensory system that is primary consists of group II fibers
Dorsal column system
78
Course of Dorsal column system
* Primary afferent neurons n the dorsal root
* ascends ipsilateral to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus of the medulla
* cross the midline of medulla
* ascends to the thalamus
* ascends to the somatosensory cortex
79
processes sensations of temperature, pain, and light touch
anterolateral system
80
consists primarily of group III and IV fibers, which enter th SC and terminate in the dorsal horn
Anterolateral system
81
Course of anterlateral system
* Second order neurons cross the midle to the anterolateral quadrant of the SC
* ascends to th contralateral thalamus
* ascends to the somatosensory cortex
82
Onion like structures in the SC skin (surronding unmyelinated nerve endings)
pacinian corpuscles
* Detects vibration, tapping
* rapidly adapting
83
Present in nonhairy skin
Meissner corpuscle
* Detects velocity
* Rapidly adapting
84
Encapsulated, detects pressure, slowly adapting
Ruffini corpuscle
85
transducer is on the epithelial cells, detectslocation, slowly adapting
Merkel disc
86
information from different parts of the body is arranged somatotropically
thalamus
87
Destruction of the thalamic nuclei results in the loss of sensation on the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_side of the body
contralateral
88
The major soatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
SI and SII
89
has somatotropic representation similar that in the thalamus
SI
90
the largest areas in the homuculus represent the ___ , \_\_\_\_\_, ____ where precise localization is most important
Face, hands, and fingers
91
associated with the detection anf perception of noxious stimuli
Pain
92
The receptors for pain are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
free nerv endings
93
Neurotransmitters for nociceptors \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
substance P
94
carried by group III fibers.
fast pain
95
carried by C fibers. Achinh, burning, or throbbing that is poor;y localized
slow pain
96
Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows the dermatome rule.
Referred pain
97
Refractive power of a lens is measuredin \_\_\_\_\_
diopters
98
equals to the reciprocal of the focal distance in meters
diopters
99
Farsighted. Light focuses behind the retina
Hypertropia
* corrected by convex lens
100
Nearsighted. Light focuses in front of the retina
Myopia
* corrected with biconcave lens
101
curvature of the lens is not uniform
Astigmatism
* corrected with a cylindric lens
102
result of loss of the accomodation power of then lens
presbyopia
Corrected by convex lens
103
Layers of the retina
* Pigment layer
* photoreceptor layer
* External limiting membrane
* outer nuclear layer
* outer plexiform layer
* inner nuclear layer
* Inner plexiform layer
* ganglion cell layer
* optic nerve cell layer
* internal limiting membrane
104
Absorbs stray light and prevent scatter of light
converts 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal
Pigment epithelial cells
105
Sensitive to low intesity light; night vision
Rods
106
Lower visual acuity
not present in fovea
rods
107
adpats later (dark adaptation)
rods
108
Color vision : NO
Rods
109
Sensitive to high intensity light; day vision
Cones
110
Higher visual acuity
Present in fovea
Cones
111
Color vision: YES
Cones
112
Rods and cone are not present on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
optic disk (blind spot)
113
form local circuits with the bipolar cells
Horizontal and amacrine cells
114
\_\_\_\_\_ are the output cells of the retina
ganglion cells
115
Optic pathway
* fibers from each nasal hemiretina cross the optic chiasm
* fibers from each nassal hemiretina remains ipsilateral
* fibers from the lateral geniculae body form the geniculocalcarine tract and pass to the occipital love of the cortex
116
cutting of the optic nerve
blindness in the ipsilateral eye
117
Cutting the optic chiasm
causes heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia
118
Cutting the optic tract
homonymous contralateral hemianopia
119
Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract
causes homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
120
The photosensitive element is \_\_\_\_\_
rhodopsin
* composed of opsin and retinal
121
Steps in photoreception in the rods
1. light converts 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal.
2. Metarhodopsin II is formed
3. Metarhodopsin II activates transducin (Gt) which in turns activate phosphodiesterase
4. cGMP levels decrease
5. Closure of sodiu channels - \> hyperpolarization
6. Decreased release of glutamate
* ionotoropic (excitatory)
* metabotropic (inhibitory)
122
Receptive visual fields
* Receptive fields of the ganglion and lateral geniculate cells
* Receptive fields of the visual cortex
123
Neurons in the visual cortex detects _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
shape and orientation
124
3 cortical fields of the visual cortex
* Simple cells
* respond best to bar of ligh that habe the correct position and orientation
* Compelx cells
* moving bars or edges of ligth with the correct orientation
* Hypercomplex cells
* particular length and to curves and angles
125
Frequency is measured in\_\_\_\_\_
hertz
126
Intensity is measured in \_\_\_\_\_\_
decibels , log scale
127
Directs the sound waves into the auditory canal
Outer ear
128
Air filled
contains the tympanic membrane and the auditory ossicles
Middle ear
129
fluid filled
consists of a bony labyrinth and a series of ducts called membranous labyrinth
Inner ear
130
The scanal vestibuli and scala tympani contains \_\_\_\_\_
perilymph
131
perilymph has a high \_\_\_\_\_\_
sodium concentration
132
Scala media contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
endolymph
133
Endolymph has ahigh \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
potassium concentration
134
The scala media is bordered by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
basilar membrane.
| (site of the organ of corti)
135
\_\_\_\_\_ hair cells are arranged in single rows and are few in nubers
Inner
136
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ outer haircells are arranged in parallel rows and are greater in number
Outer
137
contains the cell bodies of the auditory nerve (CN VIII), which synapse on the hair cells
spiral ganglion
138
Steps in auditory transduction by the organ of corti
1. sound waves causes vibration of the organ of corti
2. hair cells bend by shearing force
3. change in K conductance f the hair cell membrane
4. the oscillating potential is the **cochlear microphonic potential**
5. Intermittent firing of the cochlear nerves
139
the cilia of hair cells are embbed in the \_\_\_\_\_
tectorial membrane
140
more elastic
Basilar or tectorial membrane?
basilar
141
base of the basilar membrane responds to _____ frequencies
High
142
Apex of the basilar membrane (wide and compliant) responds to ___________ frequencies
low
143
Central auditory pathway
1. Fibers ascend through the lateral lemniscus it the inferior colliculus
2. medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
3. auditory cortex
* Fibers may be crossed or uncrosssed
144
detects anguar and linear accelaration of the head
Vestibular system
145
The membranous labyrinth consists of _______ perpendicular semicircular canals, ____ and a \_\_\_\_\_
3
utricle
saccule
146
Detects angular accelaration or rotation
semicircular canals
147
Detects linear acceleration
Utricle and saccule
148
The canals are filled with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
endolymph
149
Cilia if the hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous structure calle the \_\_\_\_\_\_
cupula
150
If the stereocillia are bent toward the kinocillium, the hair \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
depolarizes (excitation)
151
If the sterocilia are bent away from the kinocilium teh hair cell \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hyperpolarizes (inhiviton)
152
are tre neurons that conduct action potential into the CNS
receptor cells of the olfactor pathway
153
Only neurons in the adult human that repalce themselves
Olfactory neurons
154
The axons of the olfactory nerves are ___________ and are among the smallest and slowest
unmyelinated C fibers
155
the olfactory nerves pass through _______ on their way to the olfactory bulb
cribriform plate
156
second order neurons of the olfactory pathway
Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb.
output projects to the prepiriform cortex
157
Steps in transduction in the olfactory receptor neurons
1. Odorant molecules bind to olfactory receptor proteins
2. activate G proteins which activates adenylate cyclase
3. increase in intracellular cAMP
4. depolarizing receptor potential
5. action potentals
158
Taste receptor cells line the taste buds that are located on specialized \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
papillae
159
in contrastt to olfactory cels, taste receptors are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
not neurons
160
Has fungiform papillae
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
161
detects salty sweet and umami
anterior 2/3
162
the anterior 2/3 is innervated by
CN VII (chorda tympani)
163
has circumvallate and foliate papillae
detects sour and bitter sensations
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
164
the posterior 1/3 is innervated by
CN IX
165
The back of the throat and the epiglottis are innervated by
CN X
166
CN VII, IX, an X enter the medulla, ascend in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
solitary tract
167
Consists of a single motorneuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates
Motor unit
168
group of motorneurons that innervates fibers within the same muscle
motorneuron pool
169
The force of muscle contraction is graded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Recruitment of additional motor units
170
States that as additional motor units are recruited, the more motorneurons are involved and more tension is generated
Size principle
171
Innervate a few muscle fibers
lowest thresholds (fire first)
generate smallest forces
Small motorneurons
172
innervate many muscle fiers
highest threshold
generates the largest force
Large motorneurons
173
Types of muscle sensors
* muscle spindles
* golgi tendin organs
* pancinian corpuscles
* free nerve endings
174
Groups Ia and II afferents
detectsboth static and dynamic hanges in muscle length
Muscle spindles
175
Group Ib afferents
detects muscle tension
Golgi tendon organs
176
group II afferents
detects vibration
Pacinian
177
groups III and IV afferents
detects noxious stimuli
Free nerve endings
178
Types of muscle fibers
Extrafusal
Intrafusal
179
Make up the bulk of muscle
provide the force for muscle contraction
Extrafusal fibers
180
Innervated by alpha motorneurons
Extrafusal
181
smaller fibers
encapsualted to form muscle spindles
intrafusal fibers
182
Innervated by y-motorneurons
Intrafusal
183
consist of small encapsulated fibers connected in parallel with large force-genrating extrafusal fibers
Muscle spindles
184
The finer the movement required the ______ the number of muscle spindles in a muscle
greater
185
Types of Intafusal fibers
Nuclear bag
Nuclar chain
186
type of intrafusal fiber that detect teh rate of change in muscle length
innervated by group Ia afferents
Nuclear bag
187
type of intrafusal fiber that detects static changes in muscle length
innervated by group II afferents
more numerous
Nuclear chain
188
How muscle spindle works
1. sensory information about muscle lenth received by group Ia (velocity) and group II (static)
2. if muscle lethenes, muscle spindle is also stretch stimualting group Ia and II
3. Stimulation of group Ia - \> alpha motorneurons -\> contractions and shortening
189
they innervate intrafusal muscle fibers
adjust the sensitivity of the muscle spindle
y-motorneurons
190
alpha and y motorneurons are ______ so that muscle spindles remain sensitive to chaines
coactivated
191
Summary of muscle reflexes
192
Stretch reflex is \_\_\_\_\_\_
monosynaptic
examples: knee jerk reflex
193
golgi tendon reflex (inverse myotactic) is \_\_\_\_\_
dysanptic
194
ane xaggerated form of the golgi tendon reflex, can occur with disease of the corticospinal tracts
Clasp-knife reflex
195
Flexor withdrawal reflex is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
polysynaptic
196
Occurs when a single alha motoneuron receives inout from many muscle spindle group Ia afferent in the homonymous muscle
Convergence
197
Occurs when the muscle spindle group Ia afferent fibers project to all of the alpha motoneurons that innervate the hmonumous muscle
Diveregence
198
inhibitory cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
they receive inout from collateral axons of motorneurons and , when simualtedm negatively feedback on the motorneuron
Renshaw cells
199
Examples of pyramidal tracts
corticospinal and corticobulbar
200
originates in the red nucleus and projects to interneurons in the lateral spinal cord
produces stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors
rubrospinal tract
201
originates in the nuclei of the pons and projects to the ventromedial spinal cords
stimulatory effect on both the extensors (predominant) and flexors
Pontine reticulospinal tracts
202
originates in the emdullar reticular formation and prohects to spinal cord interneurons in the intermediate gray area
general **inhibitory effect** on both extensors and flexors
Medulalry reticulospinal tract
203
Originates in Deiters nucleus and projects to ipsilateral motoneurons and interneurons
causes a powerul stimulation of extensors and inhibition of flexors
lateral vestibulospinal tract
204
Originate in the superior colliculus and projects to the cervical spinal cord
involved in the control of neck muscles
tectospinal tract
205
Immediately after transection, there is loss of the excitatory influence fro alpha and y motoneurons. Limbs become flaccid and reflexes are absent
Spinal shock
206
if the lesion is at \_\_\_\_\_, there will be loss of sympathetic tone to the heart.
C7
207
if the lesion is at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, breathing will stop
c3
208
if the lesion is at \_\_\_\_\_\_, death occurs
c1
209
Lesions above the lateral vestibular nucleus
decerebrate rigidity
* removal of inhibition from higher centers
210
Lesions above the pontine reticular formation but below the midbrain
Decerebrate rigidity
211
Lesions above the red nucleus
decorticate
212
Control of balance and eye movement
Vestibulocerebellum
213
planning and initiation of movement
Pontocerebellum
214
Synergery, which is control of rate, force, range, and direction of movement
Spinocerebellum
215
innermost layer of the cerebelalr cortex
granular layer
* contains granule cells, golgi type II, and lomeruli
216
middle layer of the cerebellar cortex
Purkine cell layer
* purkinje cells
* output is always inhibitory
217
Outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex
molecular layer
* Contains stellate and basket cells, dendrites, of purkinje and Golgi type II cell and parallel fibers (axons of granule cells)
218
Input to the cereballar cortex
1. Climbing fibers
* single region
* complex spikes
* motor learning
2. Mossy fibers
* many centers
* simple spikes
* glomeruli
* parallel cells
219
Output of the cerebellar cortex
* Purkinje cells
* GABA
220
is the inability to stop a movement
rebound phenomenon
221
Consists of striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra
GABA
plan and execute smooth movements
basal ganglia
222
Two pathways in the basal ganglia
* Indirect = inhibitory
* D2 receptors
* Direct = excitatory
* D1 receptors
223
Connections between the striatum and substantia nigra use _____ as their NT
dopamine
224
Lesions of the globus pallidus
inability to maintain postural support
225
Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus
wild, flinging movements
caused by release of inhibition on the contralaterl side
226
Lesion of the striatum
caused by release of inhibition
quick continuous and uncontrollable movements
Huntington
227
Lesions of the substantia nigra
destuction of dopaminergic neurons
parkinson disease
228
responsible for genrating a plan for movement
mental rehearsal
premotor cortex
229
Primary motor cortex is area \_\_\_
4
execution of movement
230
Epileptic evets in the primary motor cortex cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
jacksonian seizures
231
EEG change
it reflecrs synaptic potentials evoked in largenumber of neurons
Cortical evoked potential
232
In awake adults with eyes open ______ waves predominate
beta
233
In awake adults with eyes closed ____ waves predominate
alpha
234
During sleep ______ waves predominate
slow
235
the circardian periodicity is thought to be driven by the _______ of the hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
236
Rapid eye movement occurs every _______ minutes
90
237
REM sleep is charcterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
eye movements, loss of muscle tone, pupilalry constricion, and penile erection
238
The ______ hemisphere is dominant in facial expression, intonation, body language and spatial tasks
Right
239
The _____ hemisphere is usually dominatn with respect to language
left
240
Damage to the \_\_\_\_\_\_area causes sensory aphasia
Wernicke
241
Damage to _____ area causes motor aphasia
broca
242
BBB consists of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
endothelial cells of the cerebral capilalries
choroid plexus epithelium
243
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ are excluded from CSF because of their large molecular size
Protein and Cholesterol
244
Functions of the BBB
* Maintains a constant environment
* prevents teh escape of NT
245
Comaprison of CSF and Blood concentraions
246
Cold temperatures active the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
sympathetic nervous system
247
Most important potent mechanusm for icnreasing heat production
Shivering
248
Response to heat loss is orchestrated by the _____ hypothalamus
anterior
249
heat generating mechanism are activated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_hypothalamus
posterior
250
Pyrigens increase the production of IL\_\_\_\_\_ in phagocytic cells
1
251
caused by excessive sweating, As a result, blood volume and arterial blood pressure decrease and syncope occurs
heat exhaustion
252
occurs when body temperature increases to the point of tissue damage.
heat stroke
253
characterized by massive increase in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeleal muscle
Malignant hyperthermia
