Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • receive sensory information
  • integrate and process information
  • decide if a motor reponse will occur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of receptor is specialized to detect a particular stimulus modality?

A

sensory receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are characteristics of receptors?

A
  • all are able to perform transduction
  • stimulus intensity encoded by rate and frequency of AP
  • stimulus duration encoded by receptor adaptation
  • stimulus type encoded by modality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is receptor adaptation?

A

decreased sensitivity to continuous stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What receptors do not rapidly adapt (they respond continuously)?

A

tonic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What receptors rapidly adapt and only respond to new stimuli since they are rapidly changing?

A

phasic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the classifications of receptors by modality?

A
  • thermoreceptors (temperature)
  • mechanoreceptors (movement)
  • photoreceptors (light)
  • chemoreceptors (chemicals)
  • baroreceptors (pressure/stretch)
  • proprioceptors (position)
  • nociceptors (noxious stimuli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the classifcations of receptors by stimulus origin or pathway?

A
  • somatosensory signals
  • viscerosensory signals
  • special sense signals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe somatosensory signals.

A

originate from peripheral sensory receptors that detect changes in environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe viscerosensory signals.

A

originate from viscera and detect changes in internal stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe special sense signals.

A

originate from special sensory organs localized to the head (vision, hearing, taste, olfaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pain?

A

conscious reaction to discomfort and caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is proprioception?

A
  • the senses of position and movement of our limbs and trunk, the sense of effort, the sense of force, and the sense of heaviness
  • receptors involved in proprioception are located in skin, muscles, and joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The golgi tendon organ detects what?

A

muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The muscle spindle detects what?

A

muscle stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Somatosensory receptors include what modality receptors?

A
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • proprioceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Once a primary afferent neuron fires, where does the signal go?

A
  • up the nerve fiber of the primary afferent neuron
  • the cell body resides in the dorsal root ganglion
  • OR the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve for structures of the head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

the area of the endings of a primary afferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Do smaller or larger receptive fields allow more precise stimulus localization?

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • conduction (afferent and efferent)
  • neural integration
  • reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where can you find gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

neuronal cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where can you find white matter of the spinal cord?

A

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What houses axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons?

A

dorsal horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What houses cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?

A

ventral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What houses cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?

A

lateral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What contains unmyelinated axons connecting left and right gray matter?

A

gray commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are tracts/fasciculi?

A

subdivions of each column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the conscious somatosensory projection pathway?

A
  • first order neuron (primary afferent) comes from body or head into spinal cord via dorsal root or cranial nerve, respectively
  • second order neuron projects from CNS cranially then decussates to contralateral side and ends in thalamus
  • third order neuron goes from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex of cerebrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Conscious propriocpetion and touch is sensed by?

A
  • fasiculus cuneatus for cranial trunk and thoracic limbs
  • fasciculus gracilis for caudal trunk and pelvic limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Subconscious proprioception has at least two neuron pathways leading where?

A

to the ipsilateral cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What senses subconscious proprioception?

A
  • spinocerebellar tract for caudal trunk and pelvic limbs
  • spinocuneocerebellar for cranial trunk and thoracic limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What senses nociceptive pathways?

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinocervicothalamic tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Viscerosensory afferents travel via what tract?

A

spinothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe referred pain.

A
  • many somatic and visceral sensory neurons send signals via the same ascending tracts within spinal cord
  • somatosensory cortex unable to determine true source
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Motor control is a two neuron system made up of what?

A
  • upper motor neurons
  • lower motor neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What controls LMN and intiates voluntary motor?

A

upper motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What directly innervates skeletal muscles and intiaites spinal reflexes?

A

lower motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are lower motor neurons?

A

cell body in ventral grey horn of the spinal cord or brain stem (“peripheral”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are upper motor neurons?

A

within the CNS (“central”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or false: LMNs can work independently to produce “automatic” or “stereotyped” movement.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Conscious motor activity requires what?

A

a conductor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What area of the cerebrum plans, strategizes, and provides impulse control?

A

frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Plans made by the frontal cortex of the cerebrum are sent where?

A

to basal nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the descending motor tracts of cerebral motor control?

A
  • corticonuclear
  • corticopontine
  • corticospinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the pyramidal descending tract?

A

corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the extrapyrimidal descending tracts?

A
  • rubrospinal
  • pontine reticulospinal
  • medullary reticulospinal
  • vestibulospinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Somatic motor neuron cell bodies of LMNs are found where?

A

ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Visceral motor neuron cell bodies of LMNs are found where?

A

lateral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Cranial nerve cell bodies of LMNs (except for I, II, and VIII) are found where?

A

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What somatic lower motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers and are responsible for contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers?

A

alpha motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What somatic lower motor neurons innervate the contractile poles of intrafusal muscle fibers of the muscle spindle and are responsible for the contraction of poles of intrafusal fibers that stretch the muscle spindle?

A

gamma motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a myostatic reflex?

A
  • stretch reflex
  • monosynaptic
  • antigravity
  • includes patellar reflex, biceps reflex, triceps reflex, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What structures are responsible for muscle tone and posture?

A
  • femoral nerve
  • sciatic nerve
  • quadriceps muscles
  • hamstring muscles
  • hock flexor muscles
  • hock extensor muscles
  • gravity causing limb flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are polysynaptic reflex arcs?

A
  • multiple synapses within CNS between sensory input and LMN output
  • interneurons required
  • ipsilateral activation/inhibition of muscle groups
  • contralateral activation/inhibition of muscle groups
  • intersegmental reflex arc possible
  • includes tendon reflex, flexor limb withdrawal, perineal reflex, panniculus reflex, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a tendon reflex?

A
  • GTO stimulated by vigorous muscle contraction stretching tendon
  • stimulate inhibition of alpha motor neuron to agonist muscle
  • protective reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex?

A
  • sensory nerve(s) transmits stimulus to spinal cord
  • spinal cord interneusons promote activity in ipsilateral flexor LMNs
  • spinal cord interneurons inhibit activity in ipsilateral extensor LMNs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is a crossed extensor reflex?

A
  • normal in standing animal
  • interneurons promote activity in contralateral extensor LMNs
  • interneurons inhibit activity in contralateral flexor LMNs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Should there be a crossed extensor reflex in a recumbent animal?

A

NO, this is an indiciation of loss of inhibitory UMN actvity if present in recumbent animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the panniculus reflex?

A
  • spinal nerves T1-L7
  • bilateral transmission via interneurons in fasculus proprius
  • lateral thoracic nerve (C8-T1) to cutaneous trunci m. bilaterally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is gaiting?

A
  • central pattern generator-neural circuit
  • repetitive, stereotypical behviors like chewing, walking, etc
  • typicaly initiated by UMNs but maintained by LMNs and fasciculus proprius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What happens if LMNs are damaged?

A

the muscles they control do not get stimulated

63
Q

What are the signs of LMN damage?

A
  • decreased muscle size
  • decreased to absent muscle tone
  • decreased to absent reflex motor responses
  • decreased to absent muscle strength
64
Q

What happens if UMNs are damaged?

A

the LMNs and motor units they innervate will not work properly

65
Q

What are signs of UMN damage?

A
  • decreased muscle strength, paresis or -plegia
  • decreased to normal, slow atrophy
  • increaed to normal, hypertonia
  • increased to normal, hyperreflexia
  • can have crossed extension in recumbency
66
Q

What part of the brain coordinates timing and smooths movements but does not intitiate movement, and helps maintain equilibrium and regulate muscle tone?

A

cerebellum

67
Q

What is the rostral cerebral peduncle?

A
  • midbrain
  • predominantly efferent neurons
68
Q

What is the middle cerebral peduncle?

A
  • pons
  • only afferent axons from pontine nuclei
69
Q

What is the caudal cerebral peduncle?

A
  • medulla
  • afferent and efferent axons
70
Q

Describe cerebellar afferent from the spinal cord.

A
  • proprioceptive information and LMNs
  • spincerebllar and spinocuneocerebellar pathways
71
Q

Describe cerebellar afferent from the cerebral cortex.

A
  • motor plan
  • corticopontocerebellar pathway
72
Q

Describe cerebellar afferent from the brainstem.

A
  • extrapyramidal action, eyes, ears
  • brainstem UMNs, textum, and vestibular nuclei
73
Q

What is the spinocerebellum pathway responsible for?

A

coordinate movement and posture

74
Q

What is the pontocerebellum pathway responsible for?

A

coordinated and properly timed skilled movements (limbs)

75
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum pathway responsible for?

A

coordinated balance and eye movement

76
Q

Describe deep cerebellar nuclei of cerebellar efferents.

A
  • excitatory to nuclei of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor systems
  • no descending spinal path so unable to initiate movement or directly impact muscle strength
77
Q

What are signs of dysfunction in spinocerebellar path?

A

hypermetria and ataxia

78
Q

What are signs of dysfunction in pontocerebellar path?

A

intention tremors

79
Q

What are signs of dysfunction in vestibulocerebellar path?

A

wide based stance

80
Q

Describe the vestibular apparatus.

A
  • located in the inner ear
  • sets body equilibrium or balance in 3D space and reciprocal eye movement
  • houses the receptor organs for detecting head position and movement
81
Q

What are functions of the vestibular apparatus?

A
  • sense position of head and neck at rest and during motion
  • stabilizes position of the head and trunk and coordinates eye movements
  • maintains equilibrium and balance during forward movement, head rotation, and tilting of the head or trunk
82
Q

Where are receptors found for vestibular apparatus?

A
  • found within three semicircular ducts
  • and vestibule
83
Q

What is the first order neuron of the vestibular apparatus?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve and vestibular ganglion

84
Q

What is the second order neuron of the vestibular apparatus?

A

vestibular nuclei in medulla

85
Q

What are crista ampullaris?

A
  • hair cells embedded in gelatinous cupula
  • lag behind endolymph during movement
  • stereocilia tip towards kinocilium to induce AP
86
Q

What are macula saccule and macula utricle?

A
  • hair cells imbedded in gelatinous layer with otoliths
  • otoliths weigh down otolith membrane and stimulate hair cells
87
Q

Macula saccule are in what direction and are responsible for?

A
  • vertical
  • static equilibrium
88
Q

Macula utricle are in what direction and are responsible for?

A
  • horizontal
  • linear acceleration
89
Q

What vestibular nuclei projection is repsonsible for coordination of eye movement with movement of head?

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

90
Q

What is the “direct” vestibulocerebellar pathway?

A

primary vestibular axons to cerebellar flocculonodular lobe

91
Q

What is the “indirect” vestibulocerebellar pathway?

A

vestibular nuclei project to cerebellar flocculonodular lobe

92
Q

What is the peripheral vestibular subdivision?

A
  • receptors (hair cells)
  • vestibular nerve (inner ear structures)
93
Q

What is the central vestibular subdivision?

A
  • brain stem
  • cerebellar vestibular structures
94
Q

Ataxia can affect which pathways?

A
  • cerebellar
  • vestibular
  • spinal/proprioceptive
95
Q

What is a “lesion”?

A

a localizable region of the nervious system that is dysfunctional or damaged

96
Q

What comrises the fibrous component of the eye?

A
  • cornea
  • sclera
97
Q

What comprises the vascular (“urea”) component of the eye?

A
  • choroid
  • ciliary body
  • iris
98
Q

What comprises the nervous component of the eye?

A
  • retina
99
Q

The retina has a blind spot known as?

A

optic disk

100
Q

Light is refracted as it passes through the cornea and lens, so it is upside down and reversed where?

A

the retina

101
Q

True or false: the cornea refracts light more than the lens does.

A

true

102
Q

What part of the eye fine tunes the image?

A

lens

103
Q

What are the eight layers of the retina?

A
  1. pigment cell layer
  2. photoreceptor layer
  3. outer nuclear layer
  4. outer plexiform layer
  5. inner nuclear layer
  6. inner plexiform layer
  7. ganglion cell layer
  8. optic nerve layer
104
Q

What does the pigment cell layer of the retina do?

A
  • absorbs light and prevents light scatter between photoreceptors
  • convert trans-retinal to cis-retinal needed by photoreceptors
105
Q

What is the photoreceptor layer of the retina?

A

outer portion of rods and cones that contain light sensitive pigments

106
Q

What is the outer nuclear layer of the retina?

A

cell bodies and nuclei of rods and conces

107
Q

What is the outer plexiform layer of the retina?

A

synapses of photoreceptor cell axon terminals with dendrites of retinal interneurons

108
Q

What is the inner nuclear layer of the retina?

A

cell bodies of retinal interneurons (bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells)

109
Q

What is the inner plexiform layer of the retina?

A

synapses of retinal interneuron axon terminals with dendrites of ganglion cells

110
Q

What is the ganglion cell layer of the retina?

A
  • cell bodies of ganglion cells
  • output cells of the retina
111
Q

What is the optic nerve layer of the retina?

A
  • axons of ganglion cells traversing the inner retina on their way to the optic disk –> optic nerve
112
Q

What is the tapetum lucidum?

A

reflective layer in choroid that increases light detection in dark conditions and allows light to pass through and reflect back to stimulate photoreceptors

113
Q

What are the cells of photoreceptors?

A
  • rod cells
  • cone cells
114
Q

What cells contain rhodopsin for light absorption?

A

rod cells

115
Q

What cells contain photopsins or lodopsins?

A

cone cells

116
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

light converted to electrical signal

117
Q

In the dark, rhodopsin contains what for phototransduction?

A

cis-retinal

118
Q

Light abosprtion causes transformation of cis-retinal to what?

A

trans-retinal

119
Q

What is the first order neuron of the retinal pathway?

A

bipolar cell

120
Q

What is the second order neuron of the retinal pathway?

A

ganglion cells

121
Q

Rods work best in what conditions?

A

dim light/dark conditions

122
Q

How many photons of light can activate a rod?

A

one

123
Q

PLR is a subcortical (midbrain) reflex inducing what?

A

parasympathetic induced pupil constriction

124
Q

What does the menace response test?

A

retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> visual cortex –> facial nerve nucleus in medulla

125
Q

What reflex initiates compensating eye movement to keep vision fixed when head turns?

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex

126
Q

What reflex involved contraction of neck muscles to turn towards stimulus?

A

visual startle reflex

127
Q

What is hearing?

A

a response to vibrating air molecules

128
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

129
Q

Where are hearing and equilibrium transduced?

A

in inner ear –> vestibulocochlear nerve

130
Q

What are the passageways in petrous temporal bone known as?

A

bony labyrinth

131
Q

What are the connective tissue tubes within bony labyrinth known as?

A

membranous labyrinth

132
Q

What is the organ of hearing?

A

cochlea

133
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with what?

A

endolymph

134
Q

The membranous labyrinth is floating in what?

A

perilymph

135
Q

Perilymph is similar to?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

136
Q

Endolymph is similar to?

A

intracellular fluid, high in K+

137
Q

What is the dorsal chamber of the inner ear that is filled with perilymph and begins at oval window and spiral to apex?

A

scala vestibuli

138
Q

What is the ventral chamber of the inner ear that is filled with perilymph and begins at apex and ends at round window?

A

scala tympani

139
Q

What is the triangular middle chamber of the inner ear that is filled with endolymph?

A

scala media (cochlear duct)

140
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

conditions interfere with transmission of vibration in ear to cause hearing loss

141
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

death of hair cells, CN VIII, or any CNS system elements concerned with hearing to cause hearing loss

142
Q

What is the firt order neuron of the auditory pathway?

A

cochlear nerve

143
Q

What are the second order neurons of the auditory pathway?

A
  • drosal nucleus of the trapezoid body (superior olivary nucleus)
  • decussate –> DNTB ot lateral lemniscus
144
Q

What is the acoustic startle reflex?

A

reflex turning of head and neck in resopnse to stimulation of neck muscle ipsilateral to sound

145
Q

What are the receptors of olfaction and gustation?

A

chemoreceptors

146
Q

What is the olfactory receptor cell in olfaction?

A

the primary afferent neuron itself

147
Q

What is the gustatory receptor in gustation?

A

a specialized epithelial cell that transduces chemical signals and then sends electrical signals to a primary afferent neuron

148
Q

The right nostril is for what scents?

A

novel or noxious

149
Q

The left nostril is for what scents?

A

familiar

150
Q

What are the cells for neurogenesis?

A

basal cells

151
Q

What is the second order neuron of the olfactory path?

A

mitral cell

152
Q

Taste buds are the sensory organs for taste and are found where?

A

gustatory papillae

153
Q

Primary afferent axons of first order taste neurons are in what cranial nerves?

A
  • IX
  • VII
  • X

Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions