Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Liver Physiology > Flashcards

Liver Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the rate of absorption of nutrients from the GIT constant?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digestion rate depends on what?

A

composition of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pathway through which all fuels are converted from acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP?

A

Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the metabolic fuels?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • ketone bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the basic metabolic fuel that is essential for CNS?

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glucose is stored as glycogen where?

A
  • liver
  • skeletal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What initiates oxidation of glucose?

A

glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each glucose yields what?

A

two pyruvates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The two pyruvates yielded by glycolysis can enter what pathways?

A

Acetyl-CoA OR oxaloacetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gluconeogensis occurs where?

A

in the liver and very small amount in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the building blocks for proteins and substrates for gluconeogenesis?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fatty acids are stored where as triglycerides?

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fatty acids can’t be converted to glucose, but can be converted to what?

A

ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is derived from fat but is water soluble, can cross the BBB, and can provide energy to CNS during dietary energy deprivation?

A

ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What starts as a meal is ingested to ensure tissues are primed for arrival of glucose?

A

insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

All glucose travels to the liver first via what?

A

portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is glucose to fatty acid conversion reversible?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate make up what?

A

citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

After fatty acids are formed from glucose, transfer to storage sites (adipose or muscle) is needed. Describe transport of fatty acids from liver.

A
  • liver forms triglyceride-rich serum lipoproteins (specifically VLDLs)
  • triglycerides transferred from chylomicrons and VLDLs to adipose tissue via lipoprotein lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are VLDLs?

A

very low density lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are glucogenic amino acids?

A

amino acids that can be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids?

A

amino acids that can be converted into ketone bodies

23
Q

What amino acids are analogues in the portal vein?

A
  • glutamate and alpha ketoglutarate
  • alanine and pyruvate
24
Q

Glutamate and aspartate are removed by what from the portal vein?

A

enterocytes

25
Q

What proteins are synthesized in the liver?

A

most serum proteins such as albumin and blood clotting factors

26
Q

Most amino acids arriving in portal blood are deaminated in the liver and enter?

A

carbohydrate metabolism

27
Q

True carnivores have very little carbohydrate, so they must synthesize glucose from?

A

amino acids

28
Q

Ruminants use what to synthesize glucose?

A

propionate

29
Q

Fermentation in ruminants produces what?

A

volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

30
Q

True or false: most essential amino acids are not removed by the liver and go directly to periphery.

A

true

31
Q

Non essential amino acids can be synthesized where?

A

protein producing tissues

32
Q

Supply of amino acids to periphery and removal of amino acids by the liver can constantly be adjusted based on what?

A

dietary supply and needs

33
Q

Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose and amino acids by?

A

skeletal muscle

34
Q

When protein synthesis is greater than protein breakdown it leads to what?

A

increase in muscle size

35
Q

Overall, hepatic metabolism results in removal of what?

A

glucose and amino acids

36
Q

What are synthesized in the absorptive phase of amino acids?

A

protein and fat

37
Q

During the post-absorptive phase, nutrients will be mobilized from storage pools to maintain what?

A

energy availability

38
Q

Once blood glucose falls below normal, glucagon is released which stimulates what two enzymes in the liver?

A
  • glycogen phosphatase
  • fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
39
Q

As blood glucose and insulin decrease, skeletal muscle starts to what?

A

mobilize amino acids

40
Q

What are the primary source of energy in muscle cells?

A

Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)

41
Q

The liver has limited capacity for uptake of BCAAs, so conversion to what is necessary?

A

alanine

42
Q

In the liver, alanine is broken down into what?

A

urea and glucose

43
Q

A lack of insulin stimulates what in adipose tissue?

A

hormone sensitive lipase

44
Q

What can be used for energy by many tissues or taken up by the liver for ketone body production or VLDL synthesis?

A

non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs)

45
Q

What enzyme releases fatty acids from adipose into blood where they then bind to albumin for transport and form non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs)?

A

hormone sensitive lipase

46
Q

During fasting and starvation, utilization of adipose tissue stores spares what?

A

proteins

47
Q

During periods of prolonged undernutrition, fat is mobilized in the form of NEFAs for what?

A
  • oxidized for energy
  • esterification to form triglycerides
  • production of ketone bodies
48
Q

In ruminants, _____ is precursor for glucose, enters Krebs cycle as ____, and forms _____.

A
  • propionate
  • succinate
  • oxaloacetate
49
Q

Acetate and butyrate enter the Krebs cycle at which point?

A

Acetyl-CoA

50
Q

In ruminants, most fatty acids are made from what?

A

acetate

51
Q

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, a lack of insulin production leads to what?

A

glucagon production even though blood glucose is high

52
Q

In diabetes mellitus, what inhibits fatty acid synthesis, causing malonyl CoA to be low and CPT1 activity to be high which leads to ketone body production?

A

glucagon

53
Q

In diabetes mellitus, lack of insulin suppresses HSL, so blood NEFA is high or low?

A

high

Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions