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Physiology > Hormone Synthesis, Regulation, and Receptors > Flashcards

Hormone Synthesis, Regulation, and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What system works in concert with the nervous system to maintain homestasis?

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

What system regulates growth, development, reproduction, blood pressure, ion concentrations, behavior, and aging?

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

Most hormones are synthesized and secreted by what?

A

glands

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4
Q

What hormones are not synthesized or secreted by glands?

A

GIT hormones secreted by clusters of endocrine cells and some made in hypothalamus, placenta, kidney

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5
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • kidney
  • adrenal gland
  • ovary and testis
  • pancreas
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6
Q

What are common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons?

A
  • both secrete substances into blood
  • some molecules are both neurotransmitters and hormones
  • mechanism of action for hormones and neurotransmitters require a specific receptor
  • similar processes of exocytosis of granules and synaptic vessels
  • both systems may respond to the same stimuli
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7
Q

What are the messengers of the endocrine system?

A

hormones

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8
Q

Where is the release of messengers for the endocrine system?

A

distant to cell of influence

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9
Q

Are the target cells specific or wide spread for the endocrine system?

A

wide spread

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10
Q

What is the speed of the endocrine system reaction (fast or slow)?

A

slow

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11
Q

What is the duration of the endocrine system reaction (short or long)?

A

long

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12
Q

What is the mode for messenger transport in the endocrine system?

A

blood borne

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ability of body to maintain a stable interval environment despite changes in external conditions

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14
Q

Dynamic equilibrium occurs constantly. Explain.

A

As changes occur, body works to maintain uniform conditions

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15
Q

What are the three mechanisms involved to restore and maintain homeostasis?

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
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16
Q

Homestasis uses what type of feedback?

A

negative feedback loops

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17
Q

Describe a negative feedback loop.

A

Stimulus triggers sensor which relays to control center and produces effector response. The effector response works on the same stimulus to inhibit or stimulate it.

18
Q

Positive feedback does not result in homeostasis. Why?

A

It amplifies change in variable – bloood clotting, parturition

19
Q

What pathways can alter homeostasis?

A
  • nutrition
  • toxins
  • psychological
  • physical
  • genetic
  • medical
20
Q

What are the four hormone signaling pathways?

A
  • endocrine/telecrine
  • neurocrine
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
21
Q

Describe the endocrine signaling pathway.

A
  • Cell A secretes hormone
  • hormone travels through blood to Cell B
  • hormone produces effect on Cell B
22
Q

Decsribe the neurocrine signaling pathway.

A
  • Hormone secreted by brain
  • Hormone travels through blood to target
  • Hormones produces effect on target cell
23
Q

Describe the paracrine signaling pathway.

A
  • hormone secreted by cell A
  • hormone travels to neighboring cell B (NOT THROUGH BLOOD)
  • Hormone produces effect on cell B
24
Q

Describe the autocrine signaling pathway.

A

Cell A produces hormone, and that hormone produces effects on cell A

25
Q

What are the hormone classifications?

A
  • peptides and proteins
  • steroids
  • amines
  • eicosanoids
26
Q

What classification of hormone is derived from amino acids?

A

peptides/proteins

27
Q

Give examples of peptide/protein hormones.

A
  • insulin
  • growth factors
  • growth hormone
  • parathyroid hormone
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • antidiuretic hormone
28
Q

The structure of different peptide hormones may be very similar to each other and may only differ by a side chain, which allows them to do what?

A

allows similar hormones to act on multiple receptors

29
Q

What are the steps in the synthesis of peptide and protein hormones?

A
  • mRNA is transcribed and travels to cytoplasm
  • message is translated on ribosome
  • product is preprohormone – now transferred to endoplasmic reticulum
  • signal peptide degraded in endoplasmic reticulum – results in prohormone, now transferred to Golgi
  • when endocrine cell is stimulated, granule contents released
30
Q

Catecholamines are synthesized using what amino acid?

A

tyrosine

31
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized from what?

A

tyrosine and iodide

32
Q

Thyroid hormones are stored where and as what?

A

stored in follicle as thyroglobulin

33
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from what?

A

cholesterol

34
Q

Prostaglandins are synthesized from what?

A

arachidonic acid

35
Q

What mechanisms are used for regulation of hormone secretion?

A
  • neural mechanisms
  • feedback mechanisms
36
Q

What is the more common mechanism for regulation of hormone secretion?

A

feedback mechanisms

37
Q

Describe negative feedback via a hormone.

A

When hormone levels are judged to be adequate or high, further secretion is inhibited

38
Q

Describe negative feedback via a substrate.

A

When hormone/substrate levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of hormone is stimulated

39
Q

Which feedback type is uncommon?

A

positive feedback

40
Q

Describe positive feedback.

A

A feature of hormone action causes MORE secretion of hormone

Physiology (18 decks)

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