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Physiology > GI Innervations and Structure > Flashcards

GI Innervations and Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

digestion and absorption of nutrients

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2
Q

What are the general activities to accomplish digestion and absorption?

A
  • motility (propel and mix)
  • secretions (enzymes, bile, mucus, acid, bicarbonate)
  • digestion (breakdown into absorbable molecules)
  • nutrients absorbed
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3
Q

What is the linear sequence of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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4
Q

What are the support structures of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
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5
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile for breakdown of fats/lipids

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6
Q

What does it mean that the liver has “first pass” metabolism?

A

Liver receives ALL nutrients via portal vein before anything goes into peripheral circulation

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7
Q

What do salivary glands contribute to the GIT?

A

some enzymes, lubrication, buffering

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8
Q

What does the pancreas contribute to the GIT?

A

enzymes, bicarbonate

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9
Q

What occurs in the mouth for digestion?

A

some enzymatic breakdown and chewing to increase surface area

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10
Q

What occurs in the stomach for digestion?

A

HCl hydrolyzes protein, mixing

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11
Q

What occurs in the small intestine for digestion?

A

continued digestion with enzymes and absorption

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12
Q

What occurs in the large intestine for digestion?

A

water absorption, fermentation

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13
Q

What is produced by fermentation in the large intestine?

A

volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

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14
Q

What are the two surfaces of the GIT wall?

A

mucosal and serosal

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15
Q

The mucosal surface of the GIT faces where?

A

lumen

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16
Q

The serosal surface of the GIT faces where?

A

blood

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17
Q

What are the layers of the GIT?

A
  • mucosal layer (lumen)
  • submucosal layer
  • two layers of smooh muscle
  • serosal layer
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18
Q

The mucosal layer of the GIT is composed of what?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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19
Q

The submucosal layer of the GIT is composed of what?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • glands
  • blood vessels
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20
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle and give brief differences between them?

A
  • circular muscle (thick and has more nerves)
  • longitudinal muscle (thin and has less nerves)
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21
Q

What are the two types of ganglia in the GIT?

A
  • submucosal (meissner’s) plexus
  • myenteric (averbach’s) plexus
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22
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus?

A

between submucosa and circular layer

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23
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus?

A

Between circular and longitudinal layer

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24
Q

What are the functions of epithelial cells in the mucosal layer?

A
  • secretory and absorptive functions
  • sloughed and replaced frequently
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25
Q

What is the lamina propria of the mucosal layer composed of?

A
  • connective tissue
  • blood
  • lymph nodes
26
Q

What is the function of muscularis mucosae in the mucosal layer?

A

smooth muscle cells that change shape and surface area of epithelial cells

27
Q

Which innervation component of the GIT contains sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

A

Extrinsic

28
Q

Which innervation component of the GIT begins in the esophagus and extends to anus?

A

intrinsic (enteric)

29
Q

The intrinsic (enteric) component of GIT innervation is contained within?

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses

30
Q

Does the intrinsic (enteric) component of innervation communicate with the extrinsic component?

A

Yes

31
Q

Is the intrinsic (enteric) component of innervation influenced by the extrinsic component?

A

Yes

32
Q

Which component of innervation can operate independent of the brain and spinal cord, meaning that it functions even if the vagus nerve is severed?

A

Enteric

33
Q

How do plexuses communicate?

A

Interneurons

34
Q

What does the enteric nervous system control?

A

contractile, secretory, and endocrine functions of GIT

35
Q

What type of neurons release neurotransmitters/neuromodulators from vesicles and from synaptic terminals?

A

Enteric

36
Q

The enteric nervous system can control functions of GIT in the absence of extrinsic system via?

A

short reflex arcs

37
Q

What is the sensory information received directly from receptors in mucosa by myenteric and submucosal plexuses?

A
  • wall stretch
  • changes in nutrient concentration
  • changes in osmolarity
  • pH changes
  • irritation to mucosa
38
Q

Which ganglia can also send motor information directly to smooth muscle, secretory, and endocrine cells?

A

those of myenteric and submucosal plexuses

39
Q

Most neurons of which nervous system can secrete two or more neurocrines?

A

Enteric

40
Q

Neurocrines (neurochemicals) are found in neurons of which nervous system?

A

enteric

41
Q

What can act to increase/decrease the amount of neurotransmitter released and/or act to modify the respone of the post-synaptic cell?

A

neuromodulators

42
Q

What is usually secreted along with neurotransmitters?

A

neuromodulators

43
Q

The parasympathetic innervation of GIT is supplied by?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • pelvic nerve
44
Q

Which nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the upper GIT?

A

vagus nerve

45
Q

Which nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the lower GIT?

A

pelvic nerve

46
Q

What is included in the upper GIT?

A

striated muscle in upper third of esophagus, wall of stomach, small intestine, and ascending colon

47
Q

What is included in the lower GIT?

A

striated muscle of external anal canal and walls of colon

48
Q

Name two neurotransmitters.

A
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
49
Q

Name five neuromodulators.

A
  • vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  • gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), or Bombesin
  • enkephalins (opiates)
  • neuropeptide Y
  • substance P
50
Q

The postganglionic neurons of parasympathtic nervous system are classified as?

A

cholinergic or peptidergic

51
Q

Cholinergic neurons of PNS release?

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

Peptidergic neurons of PNS release?

A
  • substance P
  • vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP)
  • and other neuromodulators
53
Q

What are vagovagal reflexes?

A

reflexes in which both afferent and efferent limbs are contained in the vagus nerve

54
Q

Afferent fibers in vagus nervedeliver sensory information from?

A

periphery (receptors in wall of GIT) to CNS

55
Q

Efferent fibers in vagus nerve deliver motor information from?

A

CNS to target tissues (smooth muscle, secretory, endocrine cells)

56
Q

What is the mixture of afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve?

A
  • 75% afferent
  • 25% efferent
57
Q

The SNS has short preganglionic fiber that synapse in ganglia where?

A

outside the GIT

58
Q

The PSNS has long preganglionic fibers synapsing in ganglia where?

A

in or near target organs

59
Q

What are the four sympathetic ganglia that serve the GIT?

A
  • celiac
  • cranial mesenteric
  • caudal mesenteric
  • hypogastric
60
Q

Postganglionic nerve fibers of the SNS (adrenergic) leave sympathetic ganglia and do what?

A
  • synapse on ganglia in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses
    OR
  • they can directly innervate smooth muscle, endocrine, or secretory cells

Physiology (18 decks)

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