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Physiology > GI Regulatory Substances > Flashcards

GI Regulatory Substances Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four GI functions?

A
  • contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters
  • secretion of enzymes, fluid, and electrolytes
  • trophic effects on tissues
  • secretion of other GI peptides
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2
Q

What substances regulate GI functions?

A
  • GI peptides (short amino acid sequences) including hormones (proteins), neurocrines, and paracrines
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3
Q

What are the four GI hormones?

A
  • gastrin
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • secretin
  • glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (AKA gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP))
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4
Q

GI peptides can be hormones, paracrines, or neurocrines depending on what?

A

where subtance is released and the route taken to reach the target cell

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5
Q

What type of GI peptide is released from endocrine cells of GIT (not glands) then enters the portal circulation, liver, systemic circulation, or target cells?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

What type of GI peptide is secreted by endocrine cells of GIT and acts locally within the same tissue that secretes them?

A

paracrines

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7
Q

What is the major GI paracrine hormone?

A

somatostatin (major inhibitory actions)

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8
Q

What type of GI peptide is synthesized in neurons of GIT and released after an action potential?l

A

neurocrines

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9
Q

What are the major neurocrines?

A
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
  • gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
  • enkephalins
  • neuropeptide Y
  • substance P
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10
Q

What GI hormone functions to promote hydrogen ion secretion by gastric parietal cells, stimulate growth of gastric mucosa, and increase gastric motility?

A

gastrin

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11
Q

What are the two forms of gastrin?

A
  • big gastrin
  • little gastrin
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12
Q

Which form of gastrin is secreted between meals at low basal levels?

A

big gastrin

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13
Q

Which form of gastrin is secreted in response to a meal (distension of stomach, presence of amino acids and peptides)?

A

little gastrin

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14
Q

What is the local vagal reflex of gastrin?

A

Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) released from vagal nerves onto G cells

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15
Q

How is gastrin secretion inhibited?

A
  • low gastric pH
  • somatostatin
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16
Q

Gastrin is secreted by what cells in stomach?

A

G cells

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17
Q

What GI hormone is secreted in response to presence of fatty acids, amino acids, and peptides?

A

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

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18
Q

Cholecystokinin (CKK) is secreted by what type of cells in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa?

A

I cells

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19
Q

What are the five actions of cholecystokinin (CKK)?

A
  • contraction of gallbladder
  • secretion of pancreatic enzymes (lipase, amylase, protease)
  • secretion of bicarbonate from pancrease
  • growth of exocrine pancreas and gallbladder
  • inhibition of gastric emptying
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20
Q

What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?

A

makes enzymes and bicarbonate

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21
Q

What is the function of the endocrine pancreas?

A

produce insulin and hormones

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22
Q

When cholecystokinin increases gastric emptying time, it allows for what?

A

adequate time for digestion and absorption

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23
Q

What GI hormone is secreted in response to H ions and fatty acids present in small intestine?

A

Secretin

24
Q

Secretin is secreted by what type of cells in the duodenum?

A

S cells

25
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A
  • stimulates secretion of pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate
  • inhibits gastrin release from G cells in stomach
26
Q

What GI hormone is secreted in response to glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

27
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by what cells of duodenum and jejunum?

A

K cells

28
Q

Does intravenous glucose stimulate gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

No, only oral glucose load

29
Q

What are the functions of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)?

A
  • stimulates insulin secretion
  • inhibits gatric H ion secretion and gastric emptying
30
Q

What type of hormones are not cisdered true GI hormone due to not meeting one or more criteria?

A

candidate hormones

31
Q

What are the four candidate hormones?

A
  • motilin
  • pancreatic polypeptide
  • enteroglucagon
  • glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1)
32
Q

Which candidate hormone is secreted by the upper duodenum during fasting?

A

motilin

33
Q

What candidate hormone is secreted by pancreas in response to ingestion of carbs, proteins, and lipids?

A

Pancretic polypeptide

34
Q

Which candidate hormone is secreted by intestinal cells in response to decreased blood glucose?

A

enteroglucagon

35
Q

Which candidate hormone is secreted by L cells of small intestine in response to nutrients?

A

glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1)

36
Q

What is the function of motilin?

A

increase GI motility by initiating “interdigestive myoelectric complexes” at 90 minute intervals to move indigestible substances and bacteria to colon

37
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

self regulates pancreatic secretion by inhibiting pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and enzymes

38
Q

What is the function of enteroglucagon?

A

stimulates liver to increase glycogenolysis and increase gluconeogenesis

39
Q

What is the function of GLP 1?

A

stimulates insulin secretion from panreatic beta cells to inhibit glucagon secretion, decrease gastric emptying, and inhibit appetite

40
Q

What are the GI paracrines?

A
  • somatostatin
  • histamine
41
Q

Which GI paracrine is secreted by D cells of GI mucosa in response to decreased luminal pH?

A

Somatostatin

42
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

inhibits secretion of other GI hormones and gastric H ion secretion

43
Q

Which GI paracrine has major secretion from H ion secreting area of stomach?

A

histamine

44
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

stimulates H ion secretion by gastric parietal cells

45
Q

Where is the statiety center?

A

located in ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

46
Q

Where is the feeding center?

A

located in lateral hypothalamic area

47
Q

What occurs is satiety center?

A

anorexigenic neurons release pro-opiomelanocortin to decrease appetite

48
Q

What occurs in feeding center?

A

orexigenic neurons release neuropeptide Y to increase appetite

49
Q

What substances can influence (stimulates) anorexigenic neurons to derease appetite?

A
  • leptin
  • insulin
  • GLP-1
  • Peptide YY
50
Q

What substances can influence (stimulates) orexigenic neurons to increase appetite?

A

ghrelin

51
Q

What cells secrete ghrelin?

A

gastric cells

52
Q

Peptide YY is secreted by what type of cells/

A

intestinal L cells

53
Q

Peptide YY has a direct affect on what?

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

What inhibits ghrelin?

A

Peptide YY

55
Q

GLP is synthesized and secreted by what cells?

A

intestinal L cells

56
Q

Leptin is secreted by what cells?

A

fat cells

Physiology (18 decks)

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