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Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the organization of the nervous system

A

Nervous system
1. CNS: brain and spinal cord
2. PNS:
a. Somatic NS: muscles/joint - voluntary
b. Visceral/ANS: involuntary
i. parasympathetic- rest and digest
ii. sympathetic - fight or flight

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

control involuntary functions
maintain homeostasis
integration of stress response
integration of visceral function

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3
Q

Describe the sympathetic NS
1. where does it come from in the spinal cord
2. preganglionic cell
3. post-ganglionic cell

A

-widespread activation in response to stress
1. thoracolumbar region
2. sympathetic ganglion is located outside the vertebral column in a linear fashion (short compared to post-ganglionic) and releases AcH
3. post ganglionic goes to the organ and is longer compared to pre-ganglionic cell, and releases NE/E (catecholamines)

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4
Q

Describe the parasympathetic NS
1. where does it come from in the spinal cord
2. preganglionic cell
3. post-ganglionic cell

A

-conserve and restore energy resources
1. cranial sacral
2. the preganglionic is longer and sits near the effector organ; release AcH
3. the post ganglionic is shorter and releases AcH

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5
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

binds AcH
two types:
1. nicotinic
2. muscurinic

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6
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

binds NE/E
two types:
1. alpha receptors
2. beta receptors (beta blockers will not allow stimulation of these receptors as much)

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7
Q

What is the ANS hierarchy

A
  1. hypothalamus and limbic system: has to release the right hormones
  2. brainstem: integrate with vital functions
  3. reflexes at the spinal cord level
  4. LMN: lower motor neuron
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8
Q

What is UMN vs LMN

A

UMN: upper motor neuron are neurons that come from the brain

LMN: are neurons that come from the spinal cord

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9
Q

Describe the types of intercellular communication

A
  1. neural: neurons/nerve impulses
  2. endocrine: endocrine cells releases hormones into the bloodstream to act on cells with receptors for that hormone
  3. neuroendocrine: neuron that releases NT into the bloodstream
  4. paracrine: cell releases a substance to act on cells around it\
  5. autocrine: cell releases a substance that acts on itself
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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-a group of nuclei that function in autonomic and endocrine systems

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11
Q

What are afferent inputs to the hypothalamus

A

-Afferent inputs:
1. visceral and endocrine systems
2. frontal lobe and parts of the limbic system (emotional memory)

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12
Q

what are efferent inputs from the hypothalamus?

A

-efferent connections:
1. descending pathways
a. reticulospinal tract: motor tract to core muscles
b. brain stem nuclei: responsible for vital functions
c. lateral horn of spinal cord: cell bodes that go to effector site
2. to endocrine system:
a. hypothalamohypophyseal tract posterior pituitary
b. hypophyseal portal blood supply to anterior pituitary
3. the limbic system for emotion memory

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13
Q

Describe the parts of the limbic system

A
  1. cingulate cortex: connects the highest centers of cognition in the cortex
  2. amygdala: strong emotions like fear and aggression; links emotions to memory
  3. hippocampus: curved elevated gray mater; temporal lobe; converts STM to LTM
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14
Q

What types of neurons are there

A

-unipolar: one extension (axon) from the cell body
-bipolar: two extensions (axon and dentrite) from the cell body
-multipolar: many extensions from the cell body

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15
Q

what is gray matter

A

a general term for a collection of neurons that are not myelinated
-outside in brain
-inside in Spinal cord

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16
Q

cortex

A

thin sheets of neurons, usually at the brain surface and most often used in reference to the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

nucleus/nuclei

A

a clearly defined mass of cell bodies in the CNS

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18
Q

locus/loci

A

clearly defined group of neurons that are smaller than a nuclei

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19
Q

substantia

A

a less well defined group of neurons

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20
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies in the PNS

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21
Q

white mater

A

general term of axon groups that are myelinated in the CNS
-inside the brain
-outside in the spinal cord

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22
Q

tract

A

a collection of axons with a common origin and common destination

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23
Q

capsule

A

a group of axons connect in the cerebrum and the brainstem

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24
Q

commissure

A

a collection of axons connecting one side of the brain to the other

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25
lemniscus
a ribbion-like tract (DCML- dorsal column medial lemniscus)
26
nerve
a bundle of axons in the PNS
27
Astrocytes
-star-shaped -create a ell network between blood vessels and neurons -can be garbage clean up -CNS
28
microglia
immune response, phagocytic, engulf -CNS
29
oligodendrocytes
secrete myelin in CNS
30
ependymal cells
float around CNS -maintenance and secrete CSF
31
Schwann cells
secrete myelin in the PNS
32
satellite cells
float around in the PNS maintenance engulf things
33
Integration of postsynaptic potential
taking all the presynaptic stimuli and integrating it to get either an excretory or inhibitory response or no response at all
34
What are small molecule transmitters
aceylcholine amino acids monoamine neurotransmitters
35
what are large molecule transmitters
neuropeptides
36
what are inhibitory transmitters
GABA, glycine (small molecules) -sedative drugs target GABA receptors
37
Temporal vs spatial summation
temporal= increased frequency of action potentials from one pre-synpactic cell spatial = action potentials triggered in the inital segment of the output neuron
38
Saltatory transmission
an impulse of myelinated neurons jump from one node of range to another (depolarize at the node)
39
What are the components of sensory neurophysiology
1. stimulus 2. receptors 3. pathways 4. interpretation
40
What is a stimulus
you have to have something that stimulates a receptor
41
what is a receptor
have to have a receptor that can pick up the stimulus
42
what are pathways
has to travel to the spinal cord and synapse to go up to the brainstem and then cortex
43
interpretation
-Modality: type -intensity: is it a strong sense or can you get use to it/ignore it -duration: how long will it last -location: where is it
44
What are the 1st order neurons types for touch, vibration, and proprioception?
1. receptor (dendrites of a neuron) 2. merkel's disc, Meissner corpuscles, Ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles 3. cell body in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) 4. axon ascends in DCML (dorsal column medial lemniscus- pathway that ascends in the spinal cord
45
What are the 2nd order neuons for touch, vibration, and proprioception?
synapse in dorsal column nuclei w/ 1st order neuron 1. in dorsal column nuclei of of caudal medulla 2. axon cosses at the medulla
46
What are the 3rd order neurons for touch, vibration, and proprioception?
takes information and sends to somatosensory/ parietal lobe to make sense of information 1. in thalamus projects to a. somatosensory cortex b. primary sensory area c. post central gyrus of parietal lobe d. post parietal cortex-integrates touch with other sensations
47
What do merkel's disc sense
light touch
48
what do messier corpuscles sense
vibration
49
what do Ruffini Endings sense
stretch
50
what do pacinian corpuscles sense
pressure (deformation of the skin/deep pressure)
51
Describe the temperature and pain pathway
1st orde neuron synapses with a second order neuron right at the same level it went in tenth second order neuron travels up to the thalamus and synapses with a 3rd order neuron that takes the information to the somatosensory cortex -anterolateral tract (spinothalamic tract)
52
describe the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract
1st order neuron goes into the spinal cod and up to the medulla to synapse with a 2nd order neuron 2nd order neuron travels up the thalamus and synapses with a 3rd order neuron that takes information to the cerebral cortex
53
Pain sensation receptors
-nocioceptors: free nerve endings or chemosensitive that are stimulated by K+ release for damaged tissue -somatosensory ~supeficial (skin): a. initial - lage myelinated b. delayed - unmyleinated ~deep muscles and joints -viseral pain from internal organs: where there is pressure, stretch , inflammation ~dull boring that is not localized ~afferent sympathetic ANS vibes (whereas physiologic visceral sensation follow parasympathetics)
54
What does the dorsal column medial lemniscus sense?
touch, vibration and proprioception
55
What does the anterolateral tract or the spinothalamic tract sense
temperature and pain
56
What divides the outer ear from the inner ear?
the tympanic membrane
57
what is the function of the semicircular canals?
tells your brain where you are in space
58
describe the mechanotransduction of sound
1. displacement of stereocilla toward the kinocilium opens non-selective cation channels 2. K+ entry causes depolarization of hair cell membrane (endolymph is high in K+) 3. depolarization results in Ca++ entry into the hair cell and exocytosis of neurotransmitter 4. this depolarizes the auditory neuron
59
Otolith organs
-utricle and saccule that detect tilting of the head and acceleration -pouched between canals that otoliths (crystals) that move and respond to different movement when they get displaced
60
what does the utricle detect
horizontal movements
61
saccule
vertical movements
62
semicircular canals
-detect angular acceleration from head rotation -hair cells in ampulla and cilia in cupula
63
Myotactic reflexes and their spinal roots
-brachioradialis C5,C6 -biceps C5,C6 -triceps C6-C7 -knee L2-L4 -Ankle S1
64
describe the general way myotactic reflexes occur
-la afferent neuron sends information about a stretch from the muscle spindle to the spinal cord -the sensory neuron will synapse with an alpha motor neuron and an interneuron -the alpha motor neuron goes to the muscle that was stimulated and stimulates a contraction -the interneuron synapses with a motor neuron and goes to the antagonist muscle and inhibits contraction
65
describe the roll of upper and lower motor neurons in a myotactic reflex
-upper motor neurons should not be a part of it because they will inhibit the smooth reflex or inhibit it all together -lower motor neurons are where the reflex should occur
66
describe the roll of a muscle spindle in a stretch reflex
-muscle spindles monitor length of a muscle -they respond to stretches in the muscle by sending a signal through an afferent neuron -the sensory neuron feeds into the dorsal root ganglion by the spinal cord -the afferent neuron will synapse with an alpha motor neuron and an interneuron -if it senses a stretch it will synapse with an alpha motor neuron that will send an excitation impulse to contract the muscle and prevent over stretching -it will also synapse with an interneruon that will synapse with a motor neuron to inhibit the antagonist
67
Goli tendon organ
-located in the tendon and detects tension on the tendon caused by a muscle contraction -sensory neurons send information to the dorsal root ganglion and then the spinal cord - in the spinal cord with will synapse with inhibitory interneurons that synapse with an alpha motor neuron -the inhibition causes the muscle to relax and therefore release the tension on the tendons -the sensory neuron also sends information to the brain
68
describe the flexor withdraw reflex
Epsilateral (effected side): -sensory neuron that detects pain synapses with a motor neuron for the flexors to withdraw the limb -it also synapses with an interneuron that synapses with a motor neuron that is inhibitory to the extensors Contralateral side: -sensory neuron also synapses with an interneuron that crosses the spinal cord -that interneuron synapses with two other interneurons -one interneuron will synapse with a motor neuron for the flexors and inhibit them -the other interneuron will synapse with a motor neuron but stimulate the extensors

Applied Physiology (15 decks)

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