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Applied Physiology > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the organization of the nervous system

A

Nervous system
1. CNS: brain and spinal cord
2. PNS:
a. Somatic NS: muscles/joint - voluntary
b. Visceral/ANS: involuntary
i. parasympathetic- rest and digest
ii. sympathetic - fight or flight

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

control involuntary functions
maintain homeostasis
integration of stress response
integration of visceral function

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3
Q

Describe the sympathetic NS
1. where does it come from in the spinal cord
2. preganglionic cell
3. post-ganglionic cell

A

-widespread activation in response to stress
1. thoracolumbar region
2. sympathetic ganglion is located outside the vertebral column in a linear fashion (short compared to post-ganglionic) and releases AcH
3. post ganglionic goes to the organ and is longer compared to pre-ganglionic cell, and releases NE/E (catecholamines)

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4
Q

Describe the parasympathetic NS
1. where does it come from in the spinal cord
2. preganglionic cell
3. post-ganglionic cell

A

-conserve and restore energy resources
1. cranial sacral
2. the preganglionic is longer and sits near the effector organ; release AcH
3. the post ganglionic is shorter and releases AcH

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5
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

binds AcH
two types:
1. nicotinic
2. muscurinic

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6
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

binds NE/E
two types:
1. alpha receptors
2. beta receptors (beta blockers will not allow stimulation of these receptors as much)

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7
Q

What is the ANS hierarchy

A
  1. hypothalamus and limbic system: has to release the right hormones
  2. brainstem: integrate with vital functions
  3. reflexes at the spinal cord level
  4. LMN: lower motor neuron
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8
Q

What is UMN vs LMN

A

UMN: upper motor neuron are neurons that come from the brain

LMN: are neurons that come from the spinal cord

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9
Q

Describe the types of intercellular communication

A
  1. neural: neurons/nerve impulses
  2. endocrine: endocrine cells releases hormones into the bloodstream to act on cells with receptors for that hormone
  3. neuroendocrine: neuron that releases NT into the bloodstream
  4. paracrine: cell releases a substance to act on cells around it\
  5. autocrine: cell releases a substance that acts on itself
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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-a group of nuclei that function in autonomic and endocrine systems

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11
Q

What are afferent inputs to the hypothalamus

A

-Afferent inputs:
1. visceral and endocrine systems
2. frontal lobe and parts of the limbic system (emotional memory)

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12
Q

what are efferent inputs from the hypothalamus?

A

-efferent connections:
1. descending pathways
a. reticulospinal tract: motor tract to core muscles
b. brain stem nuclei: responsible for vital functions
c. lateral horn of spinal cord: cell bodes that go to effector site
2. to endocrine system:
a. hypothalamohypophyseal tract posterior pituitary
b. hypophyseal portal blood supply to anterior pituitary
3. the limbic system for emotion memory

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13
Q

Describe the parts of the limbic system

A
  1. cingulate cortex: connects the highest centers of cognition in the cortex
  2. amygdala: strong emotions like fear and aggression; links emotions to memory
  3. hippocampus: curved elevated gray mater; temporal lobe; converts STM to LTM
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14
Q

What types of neurons are there

A

-unipolar: one extension (axon) from the cell body
-bipolar: two extensions (axon and dentrite) from the cell body
-multipolar: many extensions from the cell body

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15
Q

what is gray matter

A

a general term for a collection of neurons that are not myelinated
-outside in brain
-inside in Spinal cord

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16
Q

cortex

A

thin sheets of neurons, usually at the brain surface and most often used in reference to the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

nucleus/nuclei

A

a clearly defined mass of cell bodies in the CNS

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18
Q

locus/loci

A

clearly defined group of neurons that are smaller than a nuclei

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19
Q

substantia

A

a less well defined group of neurons

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20
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies in the PNS

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21
Q

white mater

A

general term of axon groups that are myelinated in the CNS
-inside the brain
-outside in the spinal cord

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22
Q

tract

A

a collection of axons with a common origin and common destination

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23
Q

capsule

A

a group of axons connect in the cerebrum and the brainstem

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24
Q

commissure

A

a collection of axons connecting one side of the brain to the other

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25
Q

lemniscus

A

a ribbion-like tract (DCML- dorsal column medial lemniscus)

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26
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS

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27
Q

Astrocytes

A

-star-shaped
-create a ell network between blood vessels and neurons
-can be garbage clean up
-CNS

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28
Q

microglia

A

immune response, phagocytic, engulf
-CNS

29
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

secrete myelin in CNS

30
Q

ependymal cells

A

float around CNS
-maintenance and secrete CSF

31
Q

Schwann cells

A

secrete myelin in the PNS

32
Q

satellite cells

A

float around in the PNS
maintenance
engulf things

33
Q

Integration of postsynaptic potential

A

taking all the presynaptic stimuli and integrating it to get either an excretory or inhibitory response or no response at all

34
Q

What are small molecule transmitters

A

aceylcholine
amino acids
monoamine neurotransmitters

35
Q

what are large molecule transmitters

A

neuropeptides

36
Q

what are inhibitory transmitters

A

GABA, glycine (small molecules)
-sedative drugs target GABA receptors

37
Q

Temporal vs spatial summation

A

temporal= increased frequency of action potentials from one pre-synpactic cell

spatial = action potentials triggered in the inital segment of the output neuron

38
Q

Saltatory transmission

A

an impulse of myelinated neurons jump from one node of range to another (depolarize at the node)

39
Q

What are the components of sensory neurophysiology

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptors
  3. pathways
  4. interpretation
40
Q

What is a stimulus

A

you have to have something that stimulates a receptor

41
Q

what is a receptor

A

have to have a receptor that can pick up the stimulus

42
Q

what are pathways

A

has to travel to the spinal cord and synapse to go up to the brainstem and then cortex

43
Q

interpretation

A

-Modality: type
-intensity: is it a strong sense or can you get use to it/ignore it
-duration: how long will it last
-location: where is it

44
Q

What are the 1st order neurons types for touch, vibration, and proprioception?

A
  1. receptor (dendrites of a neuron)
  2. merkel’s disc, Meissner corpuscles, Ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles
  3. cell body in dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
  4. axon ascends in DCML (dorsal column medial lemniscus- pathway that ascends in the spinal cord
45
Q

What are the 2nd order neuons for touch, vibration, and proprioception?

A

synapse in dorsal column nuclei w/ 1st order neuron
1. in dorsal column nuclei of of caudal medulla
2. axon cosses at the medulla

46
Q

What are the 3rd order neurons for touch, vibration, and proprioception?

A

takes information and sends to somatosensory/ parietal lobe to make sense of information
1. in thalamus projects to
a. somatosensory cortex
b. primary sensory area
c. post central gyrus of parietal lobe
d. post parietal cortex-integrates touch with other sensations

47
Q

What do merkel’s disc sense

A

light touch

48
Q

what do messier corpuscles sense

A

vibration

49
Q

what do Ruffini Endings sense

A

stretch

50
Q

what do pacinian corpuscles sense

A

pressure (deformation of the skin/deep pressure)

51
Q

Describe the temperature and pain pathway

A

1st orde neuron synapses with a second order neuron right at the same level it went in tenth second order neuron travels up to the thalamus and synapses with a 3rd order neuron that takes the information to the somatosensory cortex

-anterolateral tract (spinothalamic tract)

52
Q

describe the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract

A

1st order neuron goes into the spinal cod and up to the medulla to synapse with a 2nd order neuron
2nd order neuron travels up the thalamus and synapses with a 3rd order neuron that takes information to the cerebral cortex

53
Q

Pain sensation receptors

A

-nocioceptors: free nerve endings or chemosensitive that are stimulated by K+ release for damaged tissue
-somatosensory
~supeficial (skin):
a. initial - lage myelinated
b. delayed - unmyleinated
~deep muscles and joints
-viseral pain from internal organs: where there is pressure, stretch , inflammation
~dull boring that is not localized
~afferent sympathetic ANS vibes (whereas physiologic visceral sensation follow parasympathetics)

54
Q

What does the dorsal column medial lemniscus sense?

A

touch, vibration and proprioception

55
Q

What does the anterolateral tract or the spinothalamic tract sense

A

temperature and pain

56
Q

What divides the outer ear from the inner ear?

A

the tympanic membrane

57
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

tells your brain where you are in space

58
Q

describe the mechanotransduction of sound

A
  1. displacement of stereocilla toward the kinocilium opens non-selective cation channels
  2. K+ entry causes depolarization of hair cell membrane (endolymph is high in K+)
  3. depolarization results in Ca++ entry into the hair cell and exocytosis of neurotransmitter
  4. this depolarizes the auditory neuron
59
Q

Otolith organs

A

-utricle and saccule that detect tilting of the head and acceleration
-pouched between canals that otoliths (crystals) that move and respond to different movement when they get displaced

60
Q

what does the utricle detect

A

horizontal movements

61
Q

saccule

A

vertical movements

62
Q

semicircular canals

A

-detect angular acceleration from head rotation
-hair cells in ampulla and cilia in cupula

63
Q

Myotactic reflexes and their spinal roots

A

-brachioradialis C5,C6
-biceps C5,C6
-triceps C6-C7
-knee L2-L4
-Ankle S1

64
Q

describe the general way myotactic reflexes occur

A

-la afferent neuron sends information about a stretch from the muscle spindle to the spinal cord
-the sensory neuron will synapse with an alpha motor neuron and an interneuron
-the alpha motor neuron goes to the muscle that was stimulated and stimulates a contraction
-the interneuron synapses with a motor neuron and goes to the antagonist muscle and inhibits contraction

65
Q

describe the roll of upper and lower motor neurons in a myotactic reflex

A

-upper motor neurons should not be a part of it because they will inhibit the smooth reflex or inhibit it all together
-lower motor neurons are where the reflex should occur

66
Q

describe the roll of a muscle spindle in a stretch reflex

A

-muscle spindles monitor length of a muscle
-they respond to stretches in the muscle by sending a signal through an afferent neuron
-the sensory neuron feeds into the dorsal root ganglion by the spinal cord
-the afferent neuron will synapse with an alpha motor neuron and an interneuron
-if it senses a stretch it will synapse with an alpha motor neuron that will send an excitation impulse to contract the muscle and prevent over stretching
-it will also synapse with an interneruon that will synapse with a motor neuron to inhibit the antagonist

67
Q

Goli tendon organ

A

-located in the tendon and detects tension on the tendon caused by a muscle contraction
-sensory neurons send information to the dorsal root ganglion and then the spinal cord
- in the spinal cord with will synapse with inhibitory interneurons that synapse with an alpha motor neuron
-the inhibition causes the muscle to relax and therefore release the tension on the tendons
-the sensory neuron also sends information to the brain

68
Q

describe the flexor withdraw reflex

A

Epsilateral (effected side):
-sensory neuron that detects pain synapses with a motor neuron for the flexors to withdraw the limb
-it also synapses with an interneuron that synapses with a motor neuron that is inhibitory to the extensors

Contralateral side:
-sensory neuron also synapses with an interneuron that crosses the spinal cord
-that interneuron synapses with two other interneurons
-one interneuron will synapse with a motor neuron for the flexors and inhibit them
-the other interneuron will synapse with a motor neuron but stimulate the extensors

Applied Physiology (15 decks)

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