benefits of physical activity and healthy eating

Question 1

Risk factors for diseases

Answer 1

-biological
environment
behavioral

Question 2

linking risk factors to disease by

Answer 2

1. temporal relationship (when you were exposed)
2. dose-response: how much you were exposed
3. replication of findings

Question 3

what is a macronutrient and why are the classified this way?

Answer 3

-you need a lot of them
~carbohydrates
~proteins
~fats
~water

Question 4

what are micronutrients and why are they classified this way?

Answer 4

-do not need as many
~vitamins
~minerals
~trace elements

Question 5

What vitamins are important for bone health

Answer 5

vitamin A
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin C

Question 6

What vitamins are important for energy metabolism

Answer 6

thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
pantothenic acid
biotin
vitamin B12
vitamin B-6

Question 7

What vitamins are important for blood clotting

Answer 7

vitamin K

Question 8

What vitamins are important for amino acid metabolism

Answer 8

vitamin B-6
folate
vitamin B-12
vitamin C
choline

Question 9

What vitamins are important for antioxidant defense

Answer 9

vitamin E
vitamin C (likely)
certain carotenoids

Question 10

what vitamins are important for immune function

Answer 10

vitamin A
vitamin C
vitamin D
vitamin E

Question 11

what vitamins are important for RBC formation

Answer 11

vitamin B-6
vitamin B-12
folate
riboflavin

Question 12

what vitamins are important for growth and devleopment

Answer 12

vitamin A
vitamin D
choline

Question 13

What are the non-nutrient substances

Answer 13

1. fiber: complex polysaccharides synthesized by plants
   -soluble and insoluble
2. phytochemical (flavonoids): onions, teas, leafy greens, berries, cherries, red wine, legumes, nuts, tofu, carrots, tomatoes
3. antioxidants: protect against radical-mediated damage
4. additives: reduction of food borne illness, prevent food spoilage, fortified foods

Question 14

What acute and chronic conditions is inflammation linked to

Answer 14

hypertension
heart disease
stroke
some cancers
respiratory conditions
type 2 dibetes
metabolic syndrome

Question 15

How can you measure intensity of PA

Answer 15

-METs
-rate of perceived exertion scale
-VO2 consumes
-heart rate/pulse
-light moderate vigorous

Question 16

How does exercise influence inflammation on muscle tissue

Answer 16

decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines
increase anti-inflammatory cytokines
-which overall reduces systemic inflammation

Question 17

How does exercise influence inflammation on adipose tissue

Answer 17

increase angiogenesis
decrease vasoconstriction
increase blood supply
decrease hypoxia
-these reduce macrophage infiltration and M1/M2 macrophage ratio
~overal reduces systemic inflammation

Question 18

How does exercise influence inflammation on endothelial cells

Answer 18

decreased adhesion molecules
increased cell regeneration
-these reduce macrophage infiltration and M1.M2 macrophage ration
-these also reduce vascular wall inflammation
~overall reduces systemic inflammation

Question 19

How does exercise influence inflammation on immune cells

Answer 19

decrease toll-like receptors
decreases inflammation monocytes
increases regulatory T-cells

~overall reduces systemic inflammation