Blood Flashcards
Erythrocytes
-(RBC - 5x10¹²/L of blood)
-Normal life span is 100-120 days until macrophages and spleen remove and break it down into bilirubin being an end product
-non-nucleated biconcave cells
-Cytoplasmic proteins:
-Hemoglobin:
-glycolytic enzymes:
- carbonic anhydrase: helps in exchange of O2 and CO2
Describe plasma
-about 92% water
-7% proteins that are produced by the liver
-albumin, α-globulins and β-globulin, Coagulation proteins, Immunoglobulins, Complement proteins:
- 1% dissolved ions
Albumin
Major source = liver
example/function: main component of plasma, oncotic pressure; (form of osmotic pressure induced by proteins) binding of various substances
α-globulins and β-globulins:
Major source = liver
example/function: hormone binding proteins and the iron carrier protein transferrin, as well as heme proteins found in RBC
Coagulation proteins: (examples)
Major source = liver
example /functions: plasminogen, prothrombin, antithrombin III, and fibrinogen → blood clotting proteins/put things into lumps
Immunoglobulins
Major source = lymphoid tissue
example/functions: host defense reactions, important for the immune system
Complement proteins:
Major source = liver
example/functions: host defense reactions and go hand in hand with immunoglobulins
Hemoglobin
hemoglobin has an α and β chain
Glycolytic enzymes
glycolysis is needed for energy production since there is no mitochondria
Carbonic anhydrase
helps in exchange of O2 and CO2 (required for the breakdown into water)
what are the types of tests that can be done to measure red blood cells? and what are they?
- hemoglobin concentration: (Hb): how much O2 can bind
- Hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume (PCV): the total number of RBC/volume
Anemia
a general term but can mean too little RBCs, low hematocrit or hemoglobin and can be caused by many things
Polycythemia:
too many RBCs
What are the different blood types and who can give to who
-Type A has type A agglutinogen (antigen) and anti-B agglutinins (antibody for B) → receives from A and O
-Type B has type B agglutination and anti-A agglutinins → receives from B and O
-Type AB has both A&B agglutinogen and neither Anti-A or anti-B agglutinin → universal recipient
-Type O has neither agglutinogen but BOTH agglutinins → universal donor and can only receive O
Rh Factor (either have the protein or you don’t)
+ has the D antigen (about 85%) → can get blood from someone who is + or -
- does not have the D antigen and can only get - blood
**picture for who can give to who
Neutrophils
Relative abundance: 50-70%
Characteristics: multilobed nucleus, cytoplasmic granules containing antibacterial, digestive and proinflammatory agents
Major Function: Ingest and destroy invading microorganisms, coordination of the early phase of acute inflammation, 1st to respond when exposed
Eosinophils:
Relative abundance: 5%
Characteristics: acidophilic granules in cytoplasm
Major Functions: Phagocytic, especially against parasitic infection and sometimes allergic reaction
Basophils:
Relative abundance: 0.5%
Characteristics: Basophilic granules in cytoplasm; contents include histamine
Major Functions: Migrate to tissues to become mast cells; release of histamine (causes inflammation), degradation is a key feature in allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E
Monocytes:
Relative abundance: 1-5%
Characteristics: Large cells with numerous small lysosomes in the cytoplasm
Major Functions: Respond chemotactically to invading microorganisms and sites of inflammation, part of a cell network =, called the monocyte-macrophage system; called macrophages when they are outside the vascular system, engulf things and are a general marker (work with neutrophils)
Lymphocytes:
Relative abundance: 20-40%
Characteristics: Small cells with variable morphology
Major Functions: Generate specific immune responses, B-cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies, mediating humoral immunity, T-cells provide cell-mediated immunity (destroy virally infected cells)
Leukocytes
-(WBC - 5x10⁹/L of blood)
-relative abundance Neutrophils, lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, basophils
Thrombocytes:
-(platelets 300x10⁹/L blood)
-cell fragments involved in the clotting process
-Characteristics:
Small fragments of cells
No nucleus
Shape can change when activated
-Functions to stop bleeding
Describe Hematopoiesis
look at picture
Erythropoiesis
-Erythropoietin: a hormone released from the kidney (maintain Homeostasis) that decreases O2
-Requirements for RBCs to mature
iron , folic acid, Vitamin B 12
A deficiency will affect the development
Process
-Erythroblast is the maturing cell in the bone marrow, cells decrease in size
-Hemoglobin is produced
-Organelles decrease and eventually disappear
-Nucleus condenses and disappears
-Reticulocytes are the final product (and then released into to blood stream as erythrocytes
Thrombopoiesis
-Platelet production
-Cell fragments from megakaryocytes
-Regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
-Cytokine: platelets are inflammatory market during acute inflammation
-Secreted by the liver and kidneys
-Platelets remove TPO – thrombopoietin can remove platelets (feedback loops)
Leukopoiesis:
-general for WBS by lymphopoiesis is just for lymphocytes
-Only primitive precursor cells are produced in bone marrow
-Controlled by colony stimulating factors
-Differentiated of lymphocytes occurs during immune responses
-T-cells in thymus
-B-cells in lymph nodes
Myelopoiesis:
-Formation of non-lymphoid WBC in bone marrow
-Granular WBCs are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
-Monocytes
White blood cells CBC values
5-10x10⁹
-too many could signal infection
Platelet CBC values
- 140-400 k/uL¹³ (can create clots normally)
-Too many = hypercoagulation
-Too little = hypocoaggulation
Hemoglobin: CBC values
Male: 14-17.4 g/dL¹³
Females: 12-16g/dL¹³ (lose blood every month)
Hematocrit CBC values
Male 42-52%
Female 37-47%
Hemostasis:
stop the bleeding (preventing hemorrhage)
- 1st is vasoconstriction: the vessels will constrict to prevent too much blood flow
-Serotonin and Thromboxane A₂ are released from platelets (tissue will call for platelets) -Endothelin-1 released by endothelial cells that are stimulated by thrombin (part of the platelets)
- 2nd platelet plug formation: all platelets aggregate to for a plug that is not permanent
-Primary hemostasis
- 3rd is clot formation: this is during secondary hemostasis
Primary hemostasis:
Platelets clot together to form a plug and release factors to help adhere them to the subendothelial collagen
What are the three phases of primary hemostasis and describe
- Platelet Adhesion: platelets stick to the exposed subendothelial extracellular matrix occurs at the site of injury.
- Von willebrand factor: A glycoprotein present in plasma and is released by endothelial cells and activated by platelets
- Binds to glycoprotein receptors on platelets and to collagen in the subendothelium to act as a key bridging molecule between platelets and sites of endothelial injury
- Receptors of the integrin family, bind platelets directly to extracellular matrix proteins - Platelet activation: release substances
- Adenosine: a potent activator of the platelets to amplify the platelet activation response
- Serotonin and thromboxane A to assist in hemostasis as vasoconstrictors
- vWF to augment platelet adhesion and aggregation
-Ca and the clotting factors fibrinogen and factor V to facilitate coagulation
- Platelet derived growth factor to promote wound healing - Platelet aggregation: more come to the area
- Antiplatelet drugs include: aspirin, plavix, ticlid, integrilin
- Aspirin: prevents primary hemostasis but does not completely block it from happening
When are each pathway of secondary hemostasis activated
- intrinsic pathway: when the platelets are exposed to a negatively charged surface (collagen)
- Extrinsic pathway: is activated when contacts cells outside the vascular endothelium (initiates thrombin generation)
- these two pathways converge at the activation of factor X
prothrombin time (PT)
evaluates the extrinsic coagulation pathway. A sample of blood plasma is incubated with tissue factor in the presence of an excess of Ca2+. Because there are variations between assays, corrections may be applied that normalize the prothrombin time of a sample to that of a normal sample (e.g., the prothrombin ratio and international normalized ratio [INR]).
-warfarin increases PT
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
indicates the performance of the intrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by adding an activator surface (e.g., silica) plus phospholipid and Ca2+ to a plasma sample. The anticoagulant drug heparin increases the PTT.
