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Applied Physiology > bioenergetics and exercise metabolism > Flashcards

bioenergetics and exercise metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidation

A

-become less negative when something is oxidized and removes an electron
-a reducing agent oxidizes by giving a H+

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2
Q

reduction

A

-becoming more negative when something is reduced by gaining an electron
-an oxidizing agent reduces by taking an H+

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3
Q

What are the biological important molecules for transfer of electrons

A

-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) which comes from Niacin (vitamin B3)
-Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD+) which comes from riboflavin (vitamin B2)

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4
Q

endergonic reactions

A

require energy

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5
Q

exergonic reactions

A

give off energy

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6
Q

couple reactions

A

normally endergonic and exergonic (one gains energy from the other in order for it to occur)

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7
Q

ATP-PC system or Phosphagen system
-reaction type
-requirements
-enzymes?
-used for

A

-anaerobic
-requires what muscles have stored (small amounts-depletes quickly)
-creatine kinase
-short term energy, high-intensity exercise good at getting energy fast
- PC is reformed during recovery and requires ATP

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8
Q

Glycolysis

A

-anaerobic
-breaks down glucose or glycogen to form pyruvate or lactate and ATP
-many enzymes requires
-occurs in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm
-requires ATP to initiates rxn
-H transfer by carrier molecules NAD+

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9
Q

summarize the steps of glycolysis

A

-glucose requires 2 ATP but glycogen only requires 1 because it uses inorganic phosphate not ATP for phosphorylation
-The 2 NADH are used later for ATP production in the mitochondria if O2 is present if not then pyruvate takes H to form lactate
-4 ATPs produced but required 2 ATP (with 1 glycogen) so the net result is 2 ATP (3 with glycogen)

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10
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced with 1 molecule of glusoce during aerobic ATP production? and where does this process occur?

A

-1 molecule of glucose produces 32 ATP
-Mitochondria

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11
Q

What are the two steps for Aerobic ATP production?

A

-citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
- electron transport chain

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12
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

-completes the oxidation of carbs, fats, or proteins using NAD+ or FAD that was started by glycolysis
-pyruvic acid moelules from glycolysis are converted into Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria
-no oxygen
-3 NADH produced, 1FADH, and 1 GTP produced (GTP converts to ATP through substrate phosphorylation)

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13
Q

Electron transport chain

A

-occurs in the mitochondria
-energy from electrons are used to make ATP
-electrons combine with H and O to make water
-chemoiosmotic hypothesis: explains aerobic formation of ATP
-hydrogen moves into the intermembrane space and moves down the chain
-without oxygen oxidative phosphorylation isn’t possible because you cannot form water

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14
Q

Glycolysis:
1. high energy products:
2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
3. ATP subtotal

A
  1. a. 2 APT and
    b. 2 NADH+
  2. a. 0
    b. 5
  3. a. 2 (anaerobic)
    b. 7 aerobic
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15
Q

Pyruvate to acetyle CoA
1. high energy products:
2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
3. ATP subtotal

A
  1. high energy products: 2 NADH (have potential to give energy)
  2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation: 5
  3. ATP subtotal: 12
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16
Q

citric acid cycle
1. high energy products:
2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
3. ATP subtotal

A
  1. high energy products:
    a. 2 GTP
    b. 6 NADH
    c. FADH
  2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
    a. 0
    b.15
    c. 3
  3. ATP subtotal
    a. 14
    b. 29
    c. 32
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17
Q

Carbohydrates and its role in fuels for exercise
-how much energy
-what are they made up of
-what do they break down into

A
  • 1 gram of carb yields about 4 kcal of energy (based on combustion)
    -monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
    -glucose and stored as glycogen
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18
Q

Fats and its role in fuels for exercise
-how much energy
-what are they made up of
-what do they break down into

A
  • 1 gram of fat yields about 9 kcal of energy
  • fatty acid, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
    -fatty acids: PRIMARY FAT USED BY MUSCLE CELLS
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19
Q

proteins and its role in fuels for exercise
-how much energy
-what are they made up of
-what do they break down into

A

-1 gram of protein yields about 4 kcal for energy but does not biologically fit into the energy systems very well
-amino acids
-amino acids (must be broken down into amino acids to be used for energy)

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20
Q

Aerobic metabolism of fats

A

-breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol
-beta oxidation: fatty acids for acetyl CoA then enter the Krebs cycle
-glycerol not a direct fuel source in human skeletal muscle but rather a by product of metabolism

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21
Q

Aerobic metabolism of proteins

A

-not a major fuel source (2-15%)
-converted to amino acids which type determines where they enter the oxidative process

22
Q

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

-Respiratory quotient at steady state
-estimates contribution of carbs and fats to energy production

23
Q

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

A

amount of O2 during activities
- VCO2/VO2
-vary in amount of O2 used (fats>carbs) and CO2 produced
-RQ for purely using carbs= 1.0
-RQ(fats= 0.7)
-RQ (protein)=0.82
-a normal diet has an RQ < 1 because you are not using all carbs

24
Q

What does a high fat/low carb diet promote

A

fat metabolism

25
What does low intensity vs high intensity rely on
1. low intensity = fat 2. high intensity = carbs
26
What types of exercises promote fat metabolism for fuel
-low intensity prolonged activities and endurance training
27
About where is the crossover point and what does this mean
this means that the body starts to burn more carbs than fats and occurs around VO2 max for 40%
28
Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
-use of O2 in the citric acid cycle to produce energy -about res efficiency of 34% due to about 66% released as heat
29
What is the control of the ATP=PC system
creatine kinase active - negative feedback - activated when concentrations of ADP increase - inhibited by high levels of ATP
30
What is the control of the glycolysis system
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) = rate limiting enzyme phosphorylase-converts glycogen to glucose - muscle contractions release Ca which activates this enzyme (limits glycolysis) - Epinephrine: indirect activation (its a byproduct of cyclic AMP) = indirectly controls glycolysis
31
What is the control of the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
Isocitrate dehydrogenase- rate limiting enzyme -stimulated by increasing ADP and inhibited by High ATP -negative feedback
32
Describe the relationship between phosphagen and glycolytic systems
- during the first 3 minutes of exercise PCr drops due to muscle needing to replenish - ATP from glycolysis starts to increase within the first 3 minutes of exercise - during prolonged exercise all three systems are being used for energy
33
Metabolic response to exercise during short term intense exercise -1-5 seconds -5-45 seconds ->45 seconds
- 1- 5 seconds: ATP-PC system; during jumping, tennis serve etc -5-45 seconds: begin to use glycolysis; ATP-PC system drops off ->45 seconds: uses all three systems
34
Metabolic response to exercise during prolonged term intense exercise (>10 mintues)
-primarily aerobic (swimming running) -achieve a steady state VO2 -exceptions are prolonged exercise in hot and humid conditions and prolonged excretion >75% VO2 max
35
Describe Oxygen Deficit (before exercise) and EPOC During submaximal exercise (moderate)
-Metabolic rate remains elevated -meets O2 requirements within 3 minutes of exercise -returns to resting state by 5 minutes after
36
Describe the parts of EPOC during moderate exercise
Rapid component: 1st 2 minutes of recovery Slow component: the last 2-3 minutes of recovery
37
Describe oxygen deficit and EPOC during nonsteady exhausting exercise
-unable to meet O2 requirement -does not return to resting level by 14 minutes -functioing with anaerobic repsiration
38
Describe the components of EPOC during nonsteady exhausting exercise
rapid component: more gradual and takes longer to return slow component: takes longer to return to resting/normal
39
What is oxygen debt
-occurs post-exercise -O2 consumption -EPOC = excess post exercise oxygen consumption -rapid component: (2-3 minutes post): restores PC in muscles and O2 in blood, HR and RR remain elevated which requires O2 - slow component (varies based on intensity): elevated Body temp, circulating hormones, high levels of Epinephrine and/or norepinephrine
40
What is the lactate threshold
-60% VO2 max -a steep increase in lactate because O2 cannot meet the demands
41
What is the order from most used to least used of fuel sources during submax exercise during the 1st minute of exercise
1. muscle glycogen 2. Plasma Free fatty acids 3. muscle triglycerides 4. blood glucose
42
What is the order from most used to least used of fuel sources during submax exercise during >1 minute
1. plamsa Free fatty acids 2. blood glucose (fats burn in the fire that carbs must create) 3. muscle triglycerides 4. muscle glycogen
43
Homeostasis vs steady state
Homeostasis: normal steady of internal environment at rest and refers to the entire organism Steady state: not at rest, unchanging, refers to a specific physiological process
44
What are the stages of energy metabolism
1. catabolism of macronutrients: breaks down nutrients into smaller units 2. formation of Acetly Coenzyme A 3. Energy production in the mitochondria
45
what are the energy requirements at rest verse exercise and how are they different?
- at rest O2 consumption is used as an idex of ATP production and metabolic rate = VO2 -as one transitions to exercise O2 reaches a steady within3 minutes of light/moderate exercise -during the first 3 minutes the body functions at an O2 deficit
46
What is direct calorimetry of energy expenditure
it measures the amount of heat that someone gives off in a closed chamber since heat is produces as a byproduct of ATP production
47
What is indirect calorimetry of energy expenditure
-There is a direct relationship with heat released and how much O2 is consumed -calorie is the common unit: the amount of heat reqiured to raise the temperautre of 1 g of H2O by 1 degree C
48
What are the commone expressions used to find energy expenditure
-VO2 -kcal/min -VO2 (ml/kgmin) -METs (metabolic equivalent)
49
What does steady state depend on and how is it measured
Depends on 1. the bodies ability to deliver O2 to muscle 2. utilization of O2 in cells during aerobic metabolism 3. bodies ability to offload heat - well trained athletes require less oxygen to function at a level compared to less trained athletes Measured by O2 consumption: - equal to volume of inspired O2 minus the volume of expired O2
50
What is total energy expenditure dependent on
-basal metabolic rate -diet induced thermogenesis - activity level
51
What are the types of energy stores
-largest is fats -carbs: stored as glycogen in the live and muscle -protein is not stored energy
52
What are the three types of fat?
1. white: most abundant; release hormones that can cause inflamtion 2. brown: generates heat not ATP and have a lot of mitochondria 3. beige: similar to brown; exercise may convert white to beige (the in the middle type of fat)

Applied Physiology (15 decks)

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