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Applied Physiology > bioenergetics and exercise metabolism > Flashcards

bioenergetics and exercise metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidation

A

-become less negative when something is oxidized and removes an electron
-a reducing agent oxidizes by giving a H+

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2
Q

reduction

A

-becoming more negative when something is reduced by gaining an electron
-an oxidizing agent reduces by taking an H+

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3
Q

What are the biological important molecules for transfer of electrons

A

-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) which comes from Niacin (vitamin B3)
-Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD+) which comes from riboflavin (vitamin B2)

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4
Q

endergonic reactions

A

require energy

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5
Q

exergonic reactions

A

give off energy

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6
Q

couple reactions

A

normally endergonic and exergonic (one gains energy from the other in order for it to occur)

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7
Q

ATP-PC system or Phosphagen system
-reaction type
-requirements
-enzymes?
-used for

A

-anaerobic
-requires what muscles have stored (small amounts-depletes quickly)
-creatine kinase
-short term energy, high-intensity exercise good at getting energy fast
- PC is reformed during recovery and requires ATP

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8
Q

Glycolysis

A

-anaerobic
-breaks down glucose or glycogen to form pyruvate or lactate and ATP
-many enzymes requires
-occurs in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm
-requires ATP to initiates rxn
-H transfer by carrier molecules NAD+

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9
Q

summarize the steps of glycolysis

A

-glucose requires 2 ATP but glycogen only requires 1 because it uses inorganic phosphate not ATP for phosphorylation
-The 2 NADH are used later for ATP production in the mitochondria if O2 is present if not then pyruvate takes H to form lactate
-4 ATPs produced but required 2 ATP (with 1 glycogen) so the net result is 2 ATP (3 with glycogen)

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10
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced with 1 molecule of glusoce during aerobic ATP production? and where does this process occur?

A

-1 molecule of glucose produces 32 ATP
-Mitochondria

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11
Q

What are the two steps for Aerobic ATP production?

A

-citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
- electron transport chain

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12
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

-completes the oxidation of carbs, fats, or proteins using NAD+ or FAD that was started by glycolysis
-pyruvic acid moelules from glycolysis are converted into Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria
-no oxygen
-3 NADH produced, 1FADH, and 1 GTP produced (GTP converts to ATP through substrate phosphorylation)

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13
Q

Electron transport chain

A

-occurs in the mitochondria
-energy from electrons are used to make ATP
-electrons combine with H and O to make water
-chemoiosmotic hypothesis: explains aerobic formation of ATP
-hydrogen moves into the intermembrane space and moves down the chain
-without oxygen oxidative phosphorylation isn’t possible because you cannot form water

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14
Q

Glycolysis:
1. high energy products:
2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
3. ATP subtotal

A
  1. a. 2 APT and
    b. 2 NADH+
  2. a. 0
    b. 5
  3. a. 2 (anaerobic)
    b. 7 aerobic
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15
Q

Pyruvate to acetyle CoA
1. high energy products:
2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
3. ATP subtotal

A
  1. high energy products: 2 NADH (have potential to give energy)
  2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation: 5
  3. ATP subtotal: 12
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16
Q

citric acid cycle
1. high energy products:
2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
3. ATP subtotal

A
  1. high energy products:
    a. 2 GTP
    b. 6 NADH
    c. FADH
  2. ATP from oxidative phosphorylation:
    a. 0
    b.15
    c. 3
  3. ATP subtotal
    a. 14
    b. 29
    c. 32
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17
Q

Carbohydrates and its role in fuels for exercise
-how much energy
-what are they made up of
-what do they break down into

A
  • 1 gram of carb yields about 4 kcal of energy (based on combustion)
    -monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
    -glucose and stored as glycogen
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18
Q

Fats and its role in fuels for exercise
-how much energy
-what are they made up of
-what do they break down into

A
  • 1 gram of fat yields about 9 kcal of energy
  • fatty acid, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
    -fatty acids: PRIMARY FAT USED BY MUSCLE CELLS
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19
Q

proteins and its role in fuels for exercise
-how much energy
-what are they made up of
-what do they break down into

A

-1 gram of protein yields about 4 kcal for energy but does not biologically fit into the energy systems very well
-amino acids
-amino acids (must be broken down into amino acids to be used for energy)

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20
Q

Aerobic metabolism of fats

A

-breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol
-beta oxidation: fatty acids for acetyl CoA then enter the Krebs cycle
-glycerol not a direct fuel source in human skeletal muscle but rather a by product of metabolism

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21
Q

Aerobic metabolism of proteins

A

-not a major fuel source (2-15%)
-converted to amino acids which type determines where they enter the oxidative process

22
Q

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

-Respiratory quotient at steady state
-estimates contribution of carbs and fats to energy production

23
Q

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

A

amount of O2 during activities
- VCO2/VO2
-vary in amount of O2 used (fats>carbs) and CO2 produced
-RQ for purely using carbs= 1.0
-RQ(fats= 0.7)
-RQ (protein)=0.82
-a normal diet has an RQ < 1 because you are not using all carbs

24
Q

What does a high fat/low carb diet promote

A

fat metabolism

25
Q

What does low intensity vs high intensity rely on

A
  1. low intensity = fat
  2. high intensity = carbs
26
Q

What types of exercises promote fat metabolism for fuel

A

-low intensity prolonged activities and endurance training

27
Q

About where is the crossover point and what does this mean

A

this means that the body starts to burn more carbs than fats and occurs around VO2 max for 40%

28
Q

Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation

A

-use of O2 in the citric acid cycle to produce energy
-about res efficiency of 34% due to about 66% released as heat

29
Q

What is the control of the ATP=PC system

A

creatine kinase active - negative feedback
- activated when concentrations of ADP increase
- inhibited by high levels of ATP

30
Q

What is the control of the glycolysis system

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) = rate limiting enzyme
phosphorylase-converts glycogen to glucose
- muscle contractions release Ca which activates this enzyme (limits glycolysis)
- Epinephrine: indirect activation (its a byproduct of cyclic AMP) = indirectly controls glycolysis

31
Q

What is the control of the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase- rate limiting enzyme
-stimulated by increasing ADP and inhibited by High ATP
-negative feedback

32
Q

Describe the relationship between phosphagen and glycolytic systems

A
  • during the first 3 minutes of exercise PCr drops due to muscle needing to replenish
  • ATP from glycolysis starts to increase within the first 3 minutes of exercise
  • during prolonged exercise all three systems are being used for energy
33
Q

Metabolic response to exercise during short term intense exercise
-1-5 seconds
-5-45 seconds
->45 seconds

A
  • 1- 5 seconds: ATP-PC system; during jumping, tennis serve etc
    -5-45 seconds: begin to use glycolysis; ATP-PC system drops off
    ->45 seconds: uses all three systems
34
Q

Metabolic response to exercise during prolonged term intense exercise (>10 mintues)

A

-primarily aerobic (swimming running)
-achieve a steady state VO2
-exceptions are prolonged exercise in hot and humid conditions and prolonged excretion >75% VO2 max

35
Q

Describe Oxygen Deficit (before exercise) and EPOC During submaximal exercise (moderate)

A

-Metabolic rate remains elevated
-meets O2 requirements within 3 minutes of exercise
-returns to resting state by 5 minutes after

36
Q

Describe the parts of EPOC during moderate exercise

A

Rapid component: 1st 2 minutes of recovery
Slow component: the last 2-3 minutes of recovery

37
Q

Describe oxygen deficit and EPOC during nonsteady exhausting exercise

A

-unable to meet O2 requirement
-does not return to resting level by 14 minutes
-functioing with anaerobic repsiration

38
Q

Describe the components of EPOC during nonsteady exhausting exercise

A

rapid component: more gradual and takes longer to return
slow component: takes longer to return to resting/normal

39
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

-occurs post-exercise
-O2 consumption
-EPOC = excess post exercise oxygen consumption
-rapid component: (2-3 minutes post): restores PC in muscles and O2 in blood, HR and RR remain elevated which requires O2
- slow component (varies based on intensity): elevated Body temp, circulating hormones, high levels of Epinephrine and/or norepinephrine

40
Q

What is the lactate threshold

A

-60% VO2 max
-a steep increase in lactate because O2 cannot meet the demands

41
Q

What is the order from most used to least used of fuel sources during submax exercise during the 1st minute of exercise

A
  1. muscle glycogen
  2. Plasma Free fatty acids
  3. muscle triglycerides
  4. blood glucose
42
Q

What is the order from most used to least used of fuel sources during submax exercise during >1 minute

A
  1. plamsa Free fatty acids
  2. blood glucose (fats burn in the fire that carbs must create)
  3. muscle triglycerides
  4. muscle glycogen
43
Q

Homeostasis vs steady state

A

Homeostasis: normal steady of internal environment at rest and refers to the entire organism

Steady state: not at rest, unchanging, refers to a specific physiological process

44
Q

What are the stages of energy metabolism

A
  1. catabolism of macronutrients: breaks down nutrients into smaller units
  2. formation of Acetly Coenzyme A
  3. Energy production in the mitochondria
45
Q

what are the energy requirements at rest verse exercise and how are they different?

A
  • at rest O2 consumption is used as an idex of ATP production and metabolic rate = VO2
    -as one transitions to exercise O2 reaches a steady within3 minutes of light/moderate exercise
    -during the first 3 minutes the body functions at an O2 deficit
46
Q

What is direct calorimetry of energy expenditure

A

it measures the amount of heat that someone gives off in a closed chamber since heat is produces as a byproduct of ATP production

47
Q

What is indirect calorimetry of energy expenditure

A

-There is a direct relationship with heat released and how much O2 is consumed
-calorie is the common unit: the amount of heat reqiured to raise the temperautre of 1 g of H2O by 1 degree C

48
Q

What are the commone expressions used to find energy expenditure

A

-VO2
-kcal/min
-VO2 (ml/kgmin)
-METs (metabolic equivalent)

49
Q

What does steady state depend on and how is it measured

A

Depends on
1. the bodies ability to deliver O2 to muscle
2. utilization of O2 in cells during aerobic metabolism
3. bodies ability to offload heat
- well trained athletes require less oxygen to function at a level compared to less trained athletes

Measured by O2 consumption:
- equal to volume of inspired O2 minus the volume of expired O2

50
Q

What is total energy expenditure dependent on

A

-basal metabolic rate
-diet induced thermogenesis
- activity level

51
Q

What are the types of energy stores

A

-largest is fats
-carbs: stored as glycogen in the live and muscle
-protein is not stored energy

52
Q

What are the three types of fat?

A
  1. white: most abundant; release hormones that can cause inflamtion
  2. brown: generates heat not ATP and have a lot of mitochondria
  3. beige: similar to brown; exercise may convert white to beige (the in the middle type of fat)

Applied Physiology (15 decks)

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