Final exam- physiology Flashcards
What are exercise effects on glucose mobilization?
- Plasma insulin decreases and plasma glucagon increases (don’t want insulin in the blood that you are not using)
- FFA mobilized from adipose and glucose mobilized from the liver for gluconeogenesis which maintains plasma glucose concentrations
- Endurance training: Increases mitochondria and decreases lactate concentration so more FA can be used for energy and limited carbs stores can be spared (improves performance)
- Glucose uptake: blood flow increases which creates a concentration gradient for glucose to diffuse across the membrane and therefore insulin sensitivity increases
What are moderate effects of exercise on the immune and endocrine system
Moderate
- Increase in natural killer cells, neutrophils and antibodies
- Improves psych well-being
- As intensity of exercise increases insulin decreases until 80% VO2 max where it starts to increase, while epi, norepi, GH, cortisol and glucagon increase
what are vigorous effects of exercise on the immune and endocrine system
Vigorous effects:
- Decrease B, T, and Natural killer cells
- Decrease natural killer cell and T-cell function
- Decrease in nasal neutrophil phagocytosis
- Decrease in salivary IgA levels (1st line of defense/found in the mucus membrane)
- Increase in pro-inflam cytokines
- During prolonged exercise epi,norepi, GH, cortisol and glucagon increase while insulin decreases
What are the E-stim current
direct
alternating
pulsed
What is direct current e-stim?
continuous, unidirectional flow
Iontophoresis and denervated muscle contraction
What are the types of alternaing e-stime
- IFC
- premodulated
- russian
what is IFC e-stim
Interference of 2 medium frequency AC’s
Electrode placement allows the two frequencies to intersect
Produces higher amplitude when in phase and lower when in opposite phases
More comfortable
what is pre-modulated e-stim
AC with medium frequency
Single circuit
2 electrodes
what is russian protocol
Specific parameters for quads
Medium-frequency burst AC
what is pulsed current e-stim
- Interrupted flow of current
- Monophasic pulse: Common for tissue healing and edema
- Biphasic pulsed: Symmetrical and asymmetrical-balanced or unbalanced
what are uses of e-stim
- Muscle contraction for strengthening, re-reduction, muscle spasm reduction and prevent atrophy DVT or pressure ulcers
- Pain control
- Tissue healing
- Transdermal drug delivery
describe the innate immune system
- Natural barriers such as skin, salvia, stomach acid, gut flora
- Blood - circulating neutrophils, macrophages, lysozymes, complement system, natural killer cells, interferons
- Lymphatic system
- Alternate pathway of the complement system; Self cells prevent binding of C3; Antigen cells allow binding of C3 and cascade continues
describe the adaptive immune system
- kicks in when you are exposed to something
- Acquired through exposure to organisms or toxins
- Humoral immunity - antibody production from B-cells; System responds to circulating antigen and produce antibody and memory cells - Naive b-cells bind to an antigen than plasma cells secrete the specific IgM antibodies, then after 2-3 weeks IgM secretion decreases and IgG is produced until it peaks around 3 weeks
- Cellular immunity - T- lymphocytes destroy the antigens; Responds to APCs; Elimination of pathogen by cytotoxic T-cells
There are also T-helper cells, T-memory cells and regulatory T-cells - classical pathway of the complementary cascade
what occurs during heat Acclimation: in a lab
- Increase plasma volume
- sweating - sooner higher rate with less salt loss
- Decreased skin blood flow
- Increase in heat shock proteins
what occurs during heat Acclimatization:
Heart rate decrease
Plasma volume expansion
Perceived exertion decrease
Sweat rate
what occurs during cold acclimation
- Shiver begins at lower temperature/non-shivering thermogenesis stimulated by increase of NE
- Maintain higher mean hand and foot temp during cold exposure/improved intermittent peripheral vasodilation
- Better able to sleep in cold environment/elevated level of non-shivering thermogenesis
GI layer: mucusa
- most intimate with the food
- Single cells epithelial layer
- Runs from lumen of stomach to the anus
- Endocrine and exocrine functions
GI layer: submucosa
- Layer of CT with major blood and lymph vessels
- Submucosal nerve plexus
GI layer: Muscularis externa:
- peristalsis
- 2 major smooth muscle layers that mix and move food along the GI tract
- Myenteric nerve plexus
GI layer: Serosa:
- blood vessels have to come through this layer
- Thin CT layer
- outermost layer
Saliva:
produced by the salivary glands, mostly water but also contains enzymes to lubricate oral cavity and break down carbs/fats
Gastric juices:
produced by gastric glands in the stomach
Contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that digest food into chyme
Bile:
contains bile salts that emulsify fats
Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Pancreatic juice:
Contains enzymes and ions that aid digestion in the small intestines
Gastrin:
Stimulates: amino acids in stomach, distension of stomach, vagus nerve
Target organ: stomach
Increase H+ secretion
CCK:
Stimulated: Fat and protein digestion products in the small intestine
Target organ: Gallbladder, prancreas
Action: increases contraction and enzyme secretion and decreases gastric emptying
Secretin:
Stimulated: H+ in the duodenum
Targets: pancreas and stomach
Increases pancreatic HCO3 secretion and decreases GAstric H+ secretion
Ghrelin
Stimulated: hypoglycemia
Targets: CNS
Increase food intake and GH secretion
Motilin
Stimulated: ENS clock
Targets: stomach and duodenum
Increase contraction
GIP
Glucose and fats in small intestin stimulate secretion
Targets:pancreas
Increases insulin secretion
GLLP-1
Glucose in the small intestine stimulates is
Targets pancreas
Increases insulin secretion
