Neurophysiology Flashcards
afferent fibers
approach the CNS
efferent fibers
exit the CNS
nerve fiber
single neuron axon
nerve
many neuronal axons bundled together
nerve tract
bundle of nerve fibers between nuclei and CNS
soma in the PNS
ganglia
soma in the CNS
nuclei
inward current
cations going in, anions exiting
outward current
cations out, anions in
2 types of graded potentials
receptor potenital
post-synaptic potential
where are synapses
grey matter of CNS
ganglia
effector tissue
what channels are mostly at the axon terminal and dendrites
voltage gated CA2+ channels
what channels are mostly at the axon hillock and soma
voltage gated sodium channels
chemical synapses elicit what
receptor potentials
electrical synapses elicit what
coupling potential
function of V-ATPase
pumps protons into vesicles to create a gradient for NT to enter
transmitter transporter
fills vesicles by exchanging NT for protons
calcium sensor of the snare complex
synaptotagmin
ionotropic receptors are what type of receptor
ligand gated ion channels
metabotropic receptors are what type of receptor
G-protein coupled receptor
3 ways to terminate synaptic transmission
enzymatic degradation in the cleft
reuptake into synaptic terminal
uptake by nearby glial cells
types of synaptopathies
genetic defect in any synaptic protein
autoimmune attach of synaptic protein
toxin
commonly mutated genes in epilepsy
SCN1
KCNQ2,3
GABRG
treatment for epilepsy
reduce excitability
reflex circuit components
sensory and motor
corneal reflex sensory and motor nerves
sensory: CN V trigeminal
motor: CN VIII facial
classical neurotransmitters size and vesicle size
small NT and small vesicle
classical neurotransmitter synthesis location
synaptic terminal
what potential do classical neurotransmitters elicit
membrane potential
list of classical neurotransmitters
ACh
amino acids
catecholamines
serotonin
amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA
Glycine
glutamate/aspartate
catecholamine neurotransmitters
dopamine, NE, epinephrine
non classical neurotransmitters size and vesicle size
large NT and large dense core vesicles
where are non classical neurotransmitters synthesized
in the rough ER
what potential do non classical neurotransmitters elicit
long duration response that alters NT synthesis or post synaptic receptor expression
list of non classical NT
gases
endocannabinoids
peptides
which receptor causes fast changes in membrane potential
ionotropic
which receptor causes slower changes in membrane potential
metabotropic g-protein couples receptor
what does each subunit of GPCR do
alpha: dictates downstream cellular events
beta and gamma: free to activate other enzymes
outcome of Gs
stimulates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP
outcome of Gi
inhibit adenylyl cyclase so decrease cAMP
what does PDE do
degrades cAMP
outcome of Gq
activates PLC, increasing intracellular Ca2+
termination of ACh signaling
enzymatic degradation- acetylcholinesterase
termination of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
diffusion
termination of glutamate, GABA, serotonin, NE, E and dopamine
cellular uptake into astrocytes or pre-synaptic terminal
glutamate synthesis
from glutamine or glucose in neurons
types of glutamate receptors
ionotropic: AMPA/kainate, NMDA
metabotropic: mGluR1-10
fastes glutamate receptor
AMPA
GABA/glycine mechanism
inhibition, but the effects will not be seen unless excitation is also occurring
where is glycine mainly seen
the spinal cord
inhibitory ionotropic receptor outcome
increase in chloride conductance
GABA B receptor outcome
metabotropic presynaptic receptor used for negative feedback
serotonin synthesized where
CNS and gut
effects of serotonin
stabilizes mood, feelings of happiness and sleep patterns
what type of NT is serotonin
monoamine
histamine is synthesized from what
histadine
histamine to histamine enzyme
histamine decarboxylase
outcome of high frequency stimulation
allows Ca2+ to reach large dense core vesicles
what are autoreceptors
receptors on presynaptic terminal membranes that modulate NT release and reputake
g-protein dependent modulation of ion channels does what
allow for amplification
short term changes in synaptic plasticity occur where
presynapse
LTP lasts how long and where does it occur
days or weeks and occurs most apparently in hippocampus
