Neurons [Synaptic] Flashcards

1
Q

Description of what happens at a chemical synapse (pre to post)

A

Depolarisation at the presynaptic terminal causes release of a neurotransmitter which diffused across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. This initiates opening of a channel and a current therefore.

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2
Q

3 key features of chemical synapses

A

Specificity of neurotransmitters
Complexity
Plasticity (learning developing)

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3
Q

2 types of chemical synapses

A

Excitory: evoke depolarisations of the postsynaptic membrane called EPSPs.
Inhibitory: evoke hyperpolarisations of the postsynaptic membrane called IPSPs.

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4
Q

Excitatory synapses neurotransmitter and channels

A

Glutamic acid (glutamate) and ACh. Opens channels for Na+ K+ and Ca2+

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5
Q

Inhibitory synapses neurotransmitters and channels

A

GABA or glycine. Opening of K+ channels.

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6
Q

Factors determining synaptic action

A

Type of neurotransmitter
Type of complex
Amount of neurotransmitter
Synaptic plasticity - LTP or LTD

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7
Q

3 types of glutamate receptors + whats glutamate for? What ions do the receptors allow through?

A

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter for excitatory synapses. AMPA(K/Na), NMDA (allows everything), Kaitane (K/Na)

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8
Q

What is EPP?

A

End plate potentials. Ion channels open which are non-selective cationic. Trigger AP.

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9
Q

What do temporal and spatial summation enhance?

A

EPSPs amplitude

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10
Q

Spatial summation

A

2 presynaptic neurons, 1 postsynaptic neuron.

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11
Q

Temporal summation

A

1 presynaptic, 1 post.

More calcium released and not enough time to remove it so increase in neurotransmitter release with shorter interval.

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12
Q

Direct gating - description + speed

A

Transmitter binds to receptor/channel complex, hyper/depolarising membrane. Fast and short-lasting.

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13
Q

Indirect gating - description + speed

A

Transmitter binds to receptors such as metabotropic (G protein). Activates cAMP and kinases causes channels to open and changes membrane potential. Slower and longer-lasting

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14
Q

Small molecule/classical neurotransmitters - speed, direct/indirect, types

A

Fast, act directly on receptors.

Amino acids, ACh, amines.

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15
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Large, indirect (metabotropic), slow.

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16
Q

3 types of neurotransmitter inactivation

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic degration
Reuptake (eg. Glutamate transporter)

17
Q

Glutamate types of receptors

A

4 types: 3 ion channels directly gated and one second-messenger-mediated.

18
Q

What happens when too much glutamate released?

A

Excessive activation of receptors leading to high Ca++ influx. Excitotoxity.