Blood and Immune [Infection & Innate Immunity] Flashcards

1
Q

3 processes of innate immunity

A
  1. Complement
  2. Myeloid cells and phagocytosis
  3. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) which are found on myeloid cells.
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2
Q

Bacteria

A
Extracellular pathogens (mostly).
Defense through innate mechanisms and phagocytosis. 
Distinguished by the gram stain.
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3
Q

Protozoa and Parasites

A

Complex multicellular organisms (worms).
Too big to be engulfed so myeloid cells must secrete inflammatory mediators (degranulation) and granules filled with cytotoxic chemicals that kill.

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4
Q

Bacteria: Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall. Requires phagocytosis and not killed by complement.

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5
Q

Bacteria: gram negative bacteria

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by outer membrane. Can be lysed by complement.

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6
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation: Activation

A

Chemokines from the site activate local endothelial cells lining adjacent capillary wall.

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7
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation: Tethering

A

Neutrophil tethers to the inside capillary wall. Mediated by selecting upregulated on endothelial cells and sialyl Lewis X, a carbohydrate antigen on neutrophils.

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8
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation: Adhesion

A

Strong binding between neutrophil intestine and ICAM-1 on the endothelium. Neutrophil immobilised and flattens.

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9
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation: Diapadesis

A

Neutrophil squeezes between endothelial cells and out of the capillary into the interstitial space (tissue).

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10
Q

Neutrophil Extravasation: Chemotaxis

A

Neutrophil migrates along a chemical gradient to the site of infection.

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11
Q

Phagocytosis: ingestion

A

The bacterium is captured by receptors, membrane invaginates into a phagosome.

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12
Q

Phagocytosis: Digestion

A

Acidification activates protease and stimulates the production of superoxide which kill bacteria.

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13
Q

Acronym for phagocytosis steps

A

I FADE

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14
Q

What are TLR’s?

A

Toll-Like Receptors: PRRs - bind complex molecules unique to microbes. Look like a slinky.
Activation through TLR activates a strong innate response through an inflammatory pathway.

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15
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.
Molecules unique to microbes. Recognised by PRRs.
Complex and stable. Stimulate power switch for adaptive response.

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16
Q

What is LPS?

A

Lipopolysaccharide PAMP. A membrane component of all gram negative bacteria. Glycolipid. A pyrogen (causes fever etc.)

17
Q

What’s humoral vs cellular

A

Humoral is complement and cellular is the other stuff

18
Q

IgG function and serum conc

A

Complement, foetus
High serum

Most common therefore

19
Q

IgM function

A

Complement, membrane bound form

20
Q

IgA function

A

Mucous,

21
Q

IgD

A

Membrane bound form

22
Q

IgE serum conc and function

A

High affinity receptor on mast cells

Low serum