Blood and Immune [Hypersensitivity & Immunotherapy]

Question 1

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 1

Atopic allergy, immediate. Mast cells have a IgE receptor called the FcER receptor, which binds to IgE-antigen. Mast cells triggered to rupture and empty granules.

Question 2

What do Th1 and Th2 do?

Answer 2

Drive CD4 to make B cells produce more IgE as plasma cells.

Question 3

What 3 things does type 2 hypersensitivity involve?

Answer 3

FcR, complement and neutrophils.

Question 4

Auto Phagocytosis

Answer 4

Neutrophil adherence, frustrated phagocytosis, extracellular enzyme release. Neutrophils kill RBC.

Question 5

What does auto phagocytosis in type 2 hypersensitivity cause?

Answer 5

A rhesus baby with acute haemolytic anemia where maternal antibodies developed to fetal RhD causes lysis of newborn RBC.

Question 6

What causes rhesus anemia?

Answer 6

RhD+ mother and RhD- foetus (check).

Question 7

How to treat allergy by desensitisation.

Answer 7

Make high affinity IgG that competes with IgE. Skin scratch test then increase dose of allergen over time.

Question 8

Describe the research involved in monoclonal antibodies (basics)

Answer 8

Research on affinity maturation. Separate individual B cells from immunised mouse to study somatic hyper mutation.

Question 9

Pros of MAB as theraputic agents

Answer 9

Specific for target so no ‘off target’ effects.
Can be trailer made with right affinity
Humanised so stay in bloodstream for ages.
No adverse reactions to antibody
Can be modified to be bispecific

Question 10

Cons of MAB as theraputic agents

Answer 10

Expensive

Side effects can be serious