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Neuro Block 5 > Neurons, Glia, And CNA Histology > Flashcards

Neurons, Glia, And CNA Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Neural cel differentiation involves the actions of growth and transcription factors that up-regulate the expression of __________

A

Pro neural genes

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2
Q

If one progenitor cell responds to pro neural growth factor…

A

It will begin to differentiate as a neuron

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3
Q

What happens to a progenitor cell at the same time that it differentiates into a neuron

A

It will being producing adjacent proteins that inhibit pro neural gene expression in adjacent cells

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4
Q

When one porgenitor cell responds to pro neural growth factor it will being to differentiate into a neuron and simultaneously it will being producing proteins that inhibit pro neural gene expression in adjacent cells. What is the this process called ?

A

Lateral inhibition

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5
Q

This is a transmembrane protein that after binding to ligand encoded by pro neural genes undergoes cleavage of its intracellular domain, which is then translocated to the nucleus, where it inhibits expression of pro neural genes

A

Notch

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6
Q

What does lateral inhibition involve

A

Notch signaling pathway

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7
Q

What does microglia originate from?

A

Bone marrow precursor cells

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8
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron contain

A
  • multiple mitochondria (energy)
  • abundant rough ER (protein synthesis)
  • Nissl granulation (rough ER can be stained with basophils dyes)
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9
Q

Axon of a neuron

A
  • arrises from hillock
  • initial segment
  • devoid of ribosomes
  • multiple mitochondria
  • do not branch proximally
  • terminal arbor with terminal boutons (synapses)
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10
Q

Dendrites of a neuron

A
  • multiple
  • branched
  • neurofilaments and microtubules
  • may contain mitochondria
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11
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

-multiple dendrites, one axon (motor neurons)

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons

A

One axon with common stem and then sending two branches (sensory neurons)

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13
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One dendrite and one axon (specialized senses)

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14
Q

Motor neurons

A

Somatic and visceral

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15
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Somatic and visceral

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16
Q

Integration neuron

A

Connective

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17
Q

Neuroendocrine neurons

A

Mostly in hypothalamus, release peptide hormones into blood-systemic or portal circulation

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18
Q

How can neurons be classified

A
  • morphologically
  • functionally
  • by neurotransmitter
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19
Q

Usually pseudounipolar or bipolar composed of a axon that ends peripherally with specific receptors and axon through which they connect with other neurons

A

Primary sensory neurons

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20
Q

Mechanoreceptros

A
  • Audio-hair cells
  • Vibration-pacinian
  • Proprioreceptors-muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ
  • tactile-meissner corpuscle
  • thermoreceptors-free nerve endings
  • norireceptors-free nerve endings
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21
Q

What are the classifications of primary sensory neurons

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
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22
Q

Taste and olfactory

A

Chemoreceptors

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23
Q

Rods and cones in the retina

A

Photoreceptors

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24
Q

The process of converting sensory input into a form interpretable by the nervous system is

A

Transduction

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25
Q

Motor neuronal axons often end in fine branches known as

A

Terminal arbors

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26
Q

One axon, don’t branch near cell body but terminally they do

A

Motor neuron

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27
Q

In most motor neurons, each axon terminal is capped with

A

Terminal boutons

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28
Q

The site at which an axon terminal communicates with a second neuron, or with an effector tissue

A

Synapse

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29
Q

Contact between part of one neuron (usually its axon) and the dendrites, cell body, or axon of a second neuron

A

Synapse

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30
Q

Axodendritic

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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31
Q

Axospinous

A

Excitatory synapse

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32
Q

Axosomatic

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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33
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Excitatory or inhibitory, acting to increase or decrease neurotransmitter release by post synaptic terminal (amplifying or suppressing the level of stimulation already occurring inside postsynaptic terminal)

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34
Q

5 steps in transmission

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Transport
  4. Release
  5. Reuptake

**

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35
Q

Site of most transcription and translation in neuron

A

Cell body (soma)

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36
Q

What does the neuron soma produce and send to the dendrites

A
  • membrane receptors
  • various post synaptic proteins
  • cytoskeleton proteins
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37
Q

What does the neuronal soma send to the axons

A

Cytoskelatal proteins

Mitochondria

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38
Q

What does the neuronal soma send to the axon terminals

A
  • cytoskeleton proteins
  • enzymes for NT synthesis
  • synaptic vesicles
  • mitochondria
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39
Q

How are NT and other substances transported within the neuron

A

Microtubules in both directions

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40
Q

Anterograde transport through microtubules

A

-away from the cell body through kinesins

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41
Q

Retrograde transport through microtubules

A

Toward the cell body via dyneins

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42
Q

________ carries substances produced by the neuron to the neuronal synapse

A

Anterograde transport

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43
Q

What does kinesins use to crawl along the microtubules

A

ATP

When one head attaches, the other releases and turns 180, literally marches

44
Q

Fast anterograde transport

A
  • uninterrupted

- carries synaptic vesicles, membrane proteins, NT, mitochondria

45
Q

Slow anterograde transport

A
  • stop and go
  • carries cytosolic proteins (enzymes), cytoskeleton proteins from the cell body to the axon terminals and dendrites

Actually moves very rapidly, but pauses frequently

46
Q

Retrograde transport along atonal microtubules is driven by

A

Dyneines

47
Q

This allows the neuron to respond to growth factors, that are taken up near the axon terminal by either pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Retrograde transport

48
Q

This form of transport functions in the continual recycling of components of an axon terminal, edosomes, damaged mitochondria

A

Retrograde transport

49
Q

What uses retrograde transport

A

Viruses and toxins

50
Q

Terms describing formations of cell bodies in the CNS (appear grey)

A
  • nucleus
  • layers, lamina, stratum
  • column
51
Q

Terms describing formations of neuronal projections in the CNS (white becuuse they have myelin sheath)

A
  • tract, fasiculus, lemniscus

- funiculus (group of parallel tracts)

52
Q

What is the PNS counterpart to the nucleus

A

Ganglia

53
Q

Cell types that are not excitable in CNS

A

Neuroglia

54
Q

Neuroglia cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependimal cells
55
Q

Support neurons, isolate CNS from other tissues, scar formation

A

Astrocytes

56
Q

Proved myelin sheaths to neurons within the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

57
Q

Immune and inflammatory functions (neural macrophages)

A

Microglia

58
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

Ependimal cells

59
Q

Astrocytes of the gray matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

60
Q

Astrocytes of the white matter

A

Fibrous astrocytes

61
Q

Highly branches with multiple processes that give these cells th star like appearance

A

Astrocytes

62
Q

Function and structural support that astrocytes provides:

A
  • constant pH, lower EC K+
  • secrete growth factors and cytokines (IL-1)
  • remove glutamate from synapses
  • help metabolism, store some glycogen
63
Q

Astrocytes retain the ability to ________ in the mature brain

A

Proliferate

64
Q

When injury to the CNS results in destruction of neurons, the space created by the breakdown of debris is filled by proliferation and or hypertrophy of astrocytes, resulting i the formation of _______

A

Astrocytic scar

65
Q

Astrocytes ability to proliferate

A

Makes them more likely to evade the control of cell division and explains why the majority of CNS tumors ar of astrocytic origin

66
Q

Astrocytes-insulation of neural tissue

A
  • they join end feet together and insulate the CNS from other tissues
  • every cap in body lined with end feet to separate it from BBB
67
Q

The surface of the brain and spinal cord, adjacent to the pia mater is covered with several layers of joined end feet called

A

Glial limiting membrane

68
Q

All of the components of the true BBB

A

Neurovascular unit (NVU)

69
Q

Cellular components of the NVU

A
  • brain endothelial cells and BM
  • pericytes, residing on the abluminal surface of the caps
  • astrocytes, almost completely ensheath BV
  • perivascular macrophages, monitor perivascular spaces of larger vessels
70
Q

Site of the functional BBB

A

CNS capillaries comprising a single, non-fenestrated, continuous endothelial cell layer with little or no cytoplasmal inclusions

71
Q

A physical paracellular barrier is created by what for the BBB

A

The presence of tight junctions between the brain and the endothelial capillaries

72
Q

Tight junctions on the capillaries in the CNS (BBB)

A

Composed of Claudine’s, occludin and junction adhesion molecules and seal the paracellular route between brain endothelial capillaries, don’t allow anything to pass through.

73
Q

Adherens junctions of the capillaries in the CNS (BBB)

A

Sit albuminal to tight junctions and consist of VE-cadherin dimers that mediate cell to cell membrane adhesion and bind to the actin cytoskeleton via catenins

74
Q

This is the pathway for transport of plasma macromolecules such as albumin and LDL to brain

A

Trans cytosol

75
Q

Brain endothelial cells have extremely low rates of ______creating a barrier to hydrophilic molecules

A

Transcytosis

76
Q

Brain endothelial cells use _________ to regulate the influx of nutrients and effluent of metabolic wast and toxins between the blood and the brain parenchyma

A

Transporters

77
Q

CNS immune surveillance

A

-BECs also express very low levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules (LAMs) limiting CNS immune surveillance by impeding the binding immune cells to BECs and then their migration into the CNS

Healthy brain is immune privileged

78
Q

Small cells with relatively few processes that are usually aligned in rows between axons. The processes wrap around a portion of an axon, for me in an internodal segment of myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

79
Q

What produces and maintains the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

80
Q

Interruptions between the myelin segments

A

Nodes of ranvier

81
Q

Where does the propagating of the action potential occur

A

At the node of ranvier

82
Q

This method is faster and requires much less energy than having ionic exchanges occur continuously along the length of the axon

A

Saltatory conduction

83
Q

What kind of disease is multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelinating disease

84
Q

The smallest cells in the neural tissue, scattered throughout it that arise from myeloid granulocyte-monocytes progenitor cells

A

Microglia

85
Q

What are the immune cells of the CNS

A

Microglia, normally they are quiescent

86
Q

When do microglia activate

A

They possess processes through which they can sample their environment, if a foreign antigen or cellular debris are detected, they activate.

87
Q

Microglia and infection

A

Form long rod cells closely AP posed to affected neurons

88
Q

Microglia and tissue injury

A

They become motile, ameboid phagocytes capable of migrating to the site of injury and proliferating. They phagocytize tissue debris

89
Q

What happens when migroglgia are stimulated

A

Secrete cytokines, which range from neurotoxic mediators of inflammation to neuro protective mediators of tissue repair

90
Q

What are the proinflammatory cytokines released from microglia

A

Interleukines and tumor necrosis factor-a, arachidonic acid derivatives-prostaglandins E2

91
Q

What are some of the thrombogenic cytokines released from microglia

A

Platelet activating factor

92
Q

What are some of the protective cytokines released from the microglia

A

Growth factors (brain derived neurotrophic factor)

93
Q

This virus is transported in retrograde direction to the cell bodies of the neurons innervation the muscle. Produce and shed copies of virus, which are taken up by the terminals of adjacent cells. Causes behavioral changes. Travels from CNS to salivary gland anterograde, innervating these glands. The infected salivary gland in turn sheds the virus

A

Rabies

94
Q

Transported retrograde direction in nerve cells whose axons terminate at the site of infection. Toxin is released from nerve cell body and taken up by terminals of neighboring neurons. Toxin is diluted as it passes from cell to cell. Range of neurological defects

A

Tetanus

No treatment, just vax

95
Q

Virus resides latent in sensory ganglia and can reactivate. Painful vesicular rash

A

Varicella zoster (chicken pox/shingles)

96
Q

Virus resides latent in sensory ganglia and can reactivate. Painful vesicular rash. Can cause encephalitis destroying temporal lobes

A

Herpes simplex

97
Q

A microtubules assembly protein-Tau-is dysfunctional possibly by B-amyloid

A

Alzheimer’s disease

98
Q

Mutant protein-Huntington-disrupts atonal transport

A

Huntington disease

99
Q

What does microglia secrete during BM, especially after abx

A

Overstimulated to secrete IL-1B

100
Q

What does IL-1B do

A

Acts on endothelial cells to loosen their tight junctions, allowing leukocytes and blood plasma to enter CNS tissue, escalating the inflammation to a level that can be fatal

101
Q

How do you improve the survival rate of bacterial meningitis

A

Administering steroids prevents this secondary inflammation and the survival rate goes up

102
Q

Infection involving the meninges of the brain

A

Bacterial meningitis

103
Q

How does bacterial breach BBB

A

B strep can weaken BBB integrity by suppressing tight junction protein expression and causes BM

104
Q

Th-1 and BBB

A

Activated Th1 cells can sneak through BBB and induce autoimmune response

  • TH1 lymphocytes trigger inflammation (increases permeability)
  • inflammatory demyelination in MS
105
Q

Most common benign brain tumor in adults

A

Meningioma

106
Q

CNS lymphoma

A
  • metastatic high grade B cell non-hodgkin lymphomas
  • occur in AIDs
  • ring enhancing lesions with contrasted border
107
Q

Most common brain malignnacy

**

A

Metastases
*****

-lung, breast, skin, kidney, GI, prostate

Neuro Block 5 (11 decks)

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