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Neuro Block 5 > Development Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Development Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

When does gastrulation occur

A

Third week of embryogenesis

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2
Q

Sequence of events in gastrulation

A
  • ectoderm becomes epiblast where they remain
  • some epiblast invaginate and form primitive streak and node
  • some epiblast detach and form mesoderm
  • some epiblast move further deep and begin to replace cell of hypoblast to become endoderm
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3
Q

What are the 3 different structures that are involved in the development of the nervous system

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Neural tube
  3. Neural crest
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4
Q

What is one of the first systems to develop

A

Nervous

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5
Q

What forms first for the nervous system

A

Notochord

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6
Q

This initiates the formation of the neural tube

A

Notochord

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7
Q

Later becomes the nucleus pulposus

A

Notochord

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8
Q

Gives rise to the CNS

A

Neural tube

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9
Q

Gives rise to the PNS

A

Neural crest

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10
Q

Notochord formation

A

Cells move rostrally, forming notochord from primitive node to prechordal plate

  • notochord firmed during gastrulation and then induces the formation of neural tube (neurlation)
  • later becomes nucleus pulposus of vertebrae
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11
Q

What induces the formation of the neural plate (neurlation)

A

Notochord

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12
Q

What does the CNS develop from

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

What gives rise to the brain, spinal cord, and PNS?

A

Specialized part of ectoderm called the neuroectoderm

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14
Q

What forms the primitive streak

A

Ectodermal cells form this migrating rostrally forming the neural plate

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15
Q

The first step of the neural system development is the formation of

A

The neural plate ***

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16
Q

This induces the overlying region of the ectoderm to form the neural plate

A

Notochord

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17
Q

Where does the neural plate invaginate

A

Along the longitudinal axis and formed neural groove

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18
Q

Neural plate becomes the

A

Neural groove

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19
Q

Around day 21, the neural groove begins to close to become

A

The neural tube

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20
Q

When is the neural tube closed by

A

Day 28

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21
Q

Where does neural tube development initiate

A

At the cervical region and proceeds rostrally and caudally

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22
Q

The ____________ segments of the spinal cord and their corresponding dorsal and ventral roots are formed by secondary neurulation

A

Sacral and coccygeal

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23
Q

When does secondary neurulation occur

A

Day 20 and is complete by about day 42

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24
Q

This appears caudal to the neural tube and then enlarges and cavitates. It then joins the neural tube and its cavity becomes continuous with the neural canal

A

Caudal eminence

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25
Q

Disorder in which the conus medullaris and fill up terminale are abnormally fixed to the defective vertebral column

A

Tethered cord syndrome

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26
Q

PNS develops from

A

Neural crest cells

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27
Q

Where do neural crest cells arise from

A

Lateral edge of the neural plate

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28
Q

Where do neural crest cells move when they detach from the lateral edge of hte neural plate

A

Move to locations lateral to the neural tube

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29
Q

What are some neural crest derivatives

A

Neural

  • posterior root ganglia
  • paravertebral (symp chain) ganglia
  • prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia
  • enteric ganglia
  • parasympathetic ganglia of CN VII, IX, and X
  • sensory ganglia of CN V, VII, VIII, IX, and X
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30
Q

When does anterior neuropore close

A

4th week

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31
Q

When are the three primary brain vesicles formed

A

4th week

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32
Q

What do the three primary brain vesicles divide the brain into

A
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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33
Q

What are the two flexures that develop in week 4

A
  • cervical flexure

- mesencephalic flexure

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34
Q

Embryonic Flexure between the hindbrain and the spinal cord

A

Cervical flexure

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35
Q

A second bend in the neural tube at the level of the mesencephalon

A

Mesencephalic flexure

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36
Q

When do the 3 primary brain vesicles divide into 5 secondary brain vesicles

A

Week 5

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37
Q

What additional flexures appear during 5th week

A
  • pontine flexure divides the hindbrain into the myelencephalon caudally an the metencephalon rostrally
  • telecephalic flexure forms between the diencephalon and the telencephalon
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38
Q

Does the mesencephalon partition further after the fifth week?

A

No

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39
Q

What does the telencephalon do at the 5th week

A

Expands and forms the cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

Optic cup at 5th week

A

Optic cup and nerves bulge from the diencephalon to form eye

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41
Q

What does the forebrain divide into

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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42
Q

What does the midbrain divide into

A

Mesencephalon only

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43
Q

What does the hindbrain divide into

A
  • metencephalon

- myelencephalon

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44
Q

Derivatives of the telencephalon

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • olfactory cortex
  • hippocampus
  • basal ganglia
  • lateral and 3rd ventricle
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45
Q

Derivatives of the diencephalon

A
  • optic cup/nerves
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • maxillary body
  • part of 3rd ventricle
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46
Q

Derivatives of the metencepahlon

A

Pons

Cerebellum

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47
Q

Derivatives of the myencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

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48
Q

Nerves that derive from the telencephalon

A

Olfactory (I)

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49
Q

Nerves that derive from the diencephalon

A

Optic (II)

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50
Q

Nerves that derive from the mesencephalon

A

Oculomotor (III)

Trochlear (IV)

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51
Q

Nerves that derive from the metencephalon and myelencephalon (hindbrain)

A 
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Acoustic (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Hypoglossal (XI)
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52
Q

The spinal cord develops from

A

The caudal portions of the neural tube

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53
Q

The neural canal in this region will become the

A

Central canal of the spinal cord

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54
Q

When does the spinal cord develop and by what

A
  • between the 4th and 20th week

- by neuronal cell proliferation along the neural canal

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55
Q

Neuronal cell proliferation along the neural canal migrate peripherally to form what

A

Four longitudinal plates, which will become the gray matter of the spinal cord

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56
Q

A pair of anteriorly located cell masses, which constitute the basal plates will develop into the

A

Ventral horns of spinal cords

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57
Q

A pair of posterior located masses- the alar plates which will beceom the

A

Dorsal horns of the spinal cord

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58
Q

The basal and alar plates are separated by a longitudinal groove called the

A

Sulcus limitans

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59
Q

The portion of the spinal cord called the _________ originates from the interface of the alar and abasal plates and will become

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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60
Q

Anterior horn motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle and are classified as

A

Somatic efferent (SE)

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61
Q

The lateral horn motor neurons project to autonomic ganglia and are classified as

A

Visceral efferent

62
Q

The ___ and ____ are distinct longitudinal cell columns in the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

Somatic efferent and the visceral efferent

63
Q

The _____ runs the full length of the spinal cord

A

SE (somatic efferent)

64
Q

The ___ column extend form T1 through L2 where it is called the intermediolateral cell column, and from S2through S where it is called the sacral visceromotor nucleus

A

VE (visceral efferent)

65
Q

Neurons of the alar plate receive the central processes of developing

A

Posterior root ganglion cells

66
Q

Sensory neurons whose peripheral processes innervate the skin and receptors in joint capsules, tendons, and muscles are classified as

A

Somatic afferent (SA)

67
Q

Those that innervate receptors in visceral structures, such as the stomach, are classified as

A

Visceral afferent (VA)

68
Q

Th physical relationship of the spinal cord to the vertebral column changes with what

A

The development of the fetus

69
Q

By the end of the ________ the spinal nerves exit at about right angles to the spinal cord

A

First trimester

70
Q

As development continues, which grows faster, the spinal cord or the vertebral column?

A

Vertebral column, the result is that the cord seems to be drawn rostrally by its attachment to the brain

71
Q

The intervertebral foramina, containing the spinal nerves, move caudally; and the nerves form the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels are lengthened to form a bundle called the

A

Cauda equina

72
Q

Paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm

A

Somites

73
Q

What do somites subdivide into

A

Sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that give rises to the vertebrae, rib cage, and part of the occipital bone; skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin

74
Q

What does the brainstem consist of

A

Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata), the pons (part of metencephalon), and the mesencephalon (midbrain)

75
Q

The central canal of the brainstem opens into where

A

Fourth ventricle

76
Q

Where do the alar plates of the brainstem rotate

A

Dosrolaterally

77
Q

Dorsolateral Rotation of the alar plates results in

A

A medial and lateral orientation of motor (basal plate) to sensory (alar plate) areas of the developing brainstem

78
Q

During brainstem development, the _______ which disappears in the spinal cord during development, is retained

A

Sulcus limitans

79
Q

What does the basal plate in the brainstem give rise to

A

Motor cranial nerve nuclei, viscerally efferent motor neurons

80
Q

What does the alar plate in the brainstem give rise to

A

Sensory cranial nerve nuclei

81
Q

Visceral efferent motor neurons provide preganglionic ___________ innervation to peripheral ganglia that serve visceral structures

A

Parasympathetic

82
Q

What does the cerebellum arise from

A

Rhombic lip

83
Q

What part of the rhombic lip forms the cerebellum

A

Rostral part

84
Q

What does the rhombic lip join to form the cerebellar plate

A

Joins dorsal to the developing fourth ventricle

85
Q

During __________, fissures appear that divide the cerebellum into its main lobes

A

Histogensis of the cerebellar cortex

86
Q

Order of cerebellar fissures

A

Posteriolateral fissure then primary fissure

87
Q

What divides the cerebelli into anterior and posterior lobes?

A

Primary fissure

88
Q

What does the ventricular system develop from

A

Lumen of cephalopod portions of the neural tube

89
Q

What beceoms the lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalic vesicles

90
Q

What becomes the third ventricle

A

Telencephalic cavity

91
Q

What does the cavity of the mesencephalon become

A

The cerebral aqueduct connecting the third and fourth ventricle and the opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle become the interventricular foramina

92
Q

That does the rhombencephalic cavity become

A

Fourth ventricle

93
Q

What does the diencephalon become

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

94
Q

When are telencephalic vesicles formed

A

End of 5th week

95
Q

What are all of the part of the telecephalon that develop at end of fifth week

A
  • future cerebral cortex and white matter
  • olfactory bulb and tract
  • portions of the basal nuclei
  • the amygdala and the hippocampus
96
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into

A 
The thalamus nuclei 
Optic cup (future retina and CNII)
97
Q

Where do CNS neuro blasts arise at

A

The luminal surface of the neural tube, they cluster at the ventricular surface

98
Q

As cells undergo their last division, they begin to migrate away from the luminal (ventricular) surface on transient glial cells called

A

Radial glia

99
Q

Inside out pattern of development

A
  • After radial glia migrate and postion in brain, extend processes and form connections.
  • in cerebral cortex the first cells to migrate will disembark from radial glia and take up positions close to the ventricular surface
  • neuro blasts migrate along radial glia, force their way through the differented cell layers to take up positions progressively closer to the pial surface
100
Q

How do neurons find their targets

A
  • neuronal targets secret trophic factors, signpost molecules, recognition molecules, N-CAMs act on atonal growth cone
  • growth cone is expanded part of tip f growing axon
  • cont sends out small extensions (filopodia)
  • some are stabilized as they find proper molecules and others retract
  • determines the direction of further growth
101
Q

The sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia are derived from

A

The neural crest

102
Q

The segmental nature of the embry is reflected in the segmental sensory innervation of the body surface, this is known as

A

Dermatomes

103
Q

Failure of the anterior neuropore to close

A

Anencephaly

104
Q

What does anencephaly result in

A

No brain formation
Freq is 1:5,000
Death inevitable

105
Q

Failure of the back of the skull to close

A

Cranioshisis

106
Q

Usually there is a herniation of intracranial contents through the skull

A

Cranium bifidum

107
Q

The cystic structure contains the meninges

A

Meningocele

108
Q

Meninges plus brain in a cystic structure

A

Meningeoencephalocele

109
Q

Meninges plus brain and a part of the ventricular system in the cystic structure

A

Meningohydroencephalocoel

110
Q

Herniation of the cerebellar vermis and tonsils through the foramen Magnus

A

Chiari I malformation

111
Q

Often associated with a cavitation of the spinal cord to of the medulla

A

Chiari I malformation

112
Q

Similar defect as chiari I but associated with myelomeningocele

A

Chiari II malformation (Arnold- Chiari)

113
Q

Pathophysiology of Chiari II malformation

A

Increased cause pressure on the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord

114
Q

Presentation of chiari II malformation

A
  • segmental amyotrophy and sensory loss, pain
  • stridor and poor swallowing
  • bilateral vocal cord paralysis, platybasia, and aqueductal narrowing
115
Q

Dilation of the fourth ventricle secondary to atresia of the foramina of Luscshka and Magendie, hypoplasia of the midline portion (vermis) of the cerebellum and enlargement of the posterior fossa

A

Dandy walker

116
Q

Patients often present with development delay, enlarged head circumference, and signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus

A

Dandy walker

117
Q

Diagnosis of dandy walker

A

MRI, CT showing an enlarged posterior fossa with a midline cyst

118
Q

Treatment of dandy walker

A

Shunt in teat hydrocephalus and prevent herniation

119
Q

This disorder causes myeloschisis-defect in the closure of the posterior neuropore

A

Spina bifida

120
Q

Always involves a failure of the vertebral arches to close

A

Spina bifida

121
Q

This type of spina bifida the skin is intact. The site of the defect is usually marked by a patch of hairs

A

Spina bifida occulta

122
Q

This type of spina bifida th skin is not closed over the vertebral defect

A

Spina bifida aperta

123
Q

Spina bifida +meninges and CSF+neural tissue the neural tissue may be the lower part of the spinal cord or cauda equina

A

Meningomyelocele

124
Q

Spina bifida+meninges and CSG

A

Meningocele

125
Q

Symptoms of spina bifida

A

Infants with meningomyelocele may be unable to move they lower limbs or may not perceive pain

126
Q

Diagnosis of spina bifida

A

Amniocentresis revlease increased alpha-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid

127
Q

Prevention of spina bifida

A

-folic acid

128
Q

What are some drugs that can cause dysraphic defects

A

Drugs for epilepsy such as valproic acid and carbamazepine

129
Q

Failure of PNS ganglion cell from the neura crest

A

Hirschpriung disease

130
Q

Who is Hirschprung disease dominant in

A

Male, some Downs

131
Q

Presentation of Hirschprung disease

A
  • absence of ganglion cells in meissner submucosal plexus and Auerbach myenteric plexus
  • constant contraction without relaxation results in obstruction
  • proximal uninvolved bowl is dilated by has peristalsis
132
Q

Clinical findings of Hirschprung disease

A
  • abdominal pain
  • chronic constitution
  • absent stool on examing finger
  • alternating signs of obstruction with diarrhea
133
Q

Complications of Hirschprung disease

A

Enterocolitis of dilated bowl (danger of perforation), which is most common cause of death

134
Q

Diagnosis of Hirschprung disease

A

X-ray and rectal biopsy

135
Q

Treatment of Hirschprung disease

A

Surgical resection of affected segment

136
Q

The differentiation of prosencephalon into the diencephalon and telencephalon

A

Prosencephalization

137
Q

Failure of the prosencephalon to undergo cleavage results in this

A

Holoprosencephaly

138
Q

Most severe form of holoprosencephaly. No lobes. Single forebrain ventricle, the thalamus is poorly developed, and many structures are lacking

A

Alobar holoprsoencephaly

139
Q

Some seaparation of the forebrain, partial development of the falx cerebri, some visible lobes and gyri, rudimentary and enlarged lateral and third ventricles continuous one with the other, and septum pellucidum, that normally separate the ventricles are missing

A

Semilobar holoprosencephaly

140
Q

Most infants with holoprosencephaly

A

Have facial malformations-hypotelorism or single midline eye (cyclops) accompanied by a rudimentary nasal structure (proboscis)

141
Q

Defects of prosencephalization are associated with

A

Alcohol
Retinoic acid
Genetic anamolies (trisomy 13 and 18)

142
Q

No gyri formed

A

Lissencephaly

143
Q

Excessive growth of gyri

A

Pachygyria

144
Q

Fecieicnt growth of gyri

A

Micorgyria

145
Q

Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • short stature
  • low body weight
  • small head size
  • hypertelorism
  • smooth philtrum
  • thin upper lip
  • poor coordination
  • low intelligence
  • problems with hearing and seeing
146
Q

Infections diseases causing congenital nervous system defects

A
  • Toxoplasmosis (cerebral calcification)
  • other agents (syphillis, HIV)
  • rubella
  • cytomegalovirus
  • herpes simplex virus. HIV infection has alaos been associated with it

TORCH

147
Q

Nervous system defects caused by infectious diseases

A

Cataracts, retinitis and blindness, deafnesss, cerebral atrophy, and microcephalic. Infants actively infected at birth can also have rash, fever, anemia, bleeding, and other organ system diseases

148
Q

Flavivirus transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitos

A

Zika

149
Q

Initial outbreak of Zika

A

Associated with neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, whihc coincided with ZIKV outbreaks

150
Q

ZIKV in America has been associated with a striking increase in the number of reported cases of

A

Microcephaly in infants

151
Q

What is known about the association between ZIKV infection and the development of severe neurological disorders

A
  • microcephaly
  • babies cry constantly, leading to breathing problems
  • long term neural deficits and seizures

Neuro Block 5 (11 decks)

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