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Neuro Block 5 > CNS Synases And Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

CNS Synases And Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

NT across a synaptic cleft

Apposition of axon terminal to a postsynaptic structure

A

Chemical synapses

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2
Q

Gap junctions

Direct passage of current

A

Electrical synapses

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3
Q

Presynaptic and post synaptic membranes contain theses which are critical to synapse formation and activity-induced structural plasticity

A

Cell adhesion molecules (transmembrane proteins) that bridge the synapse

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4
Q

Do all dendrites have spines

A

No

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5
Q

What is critical to synapse formation and plasticity?

A

Cell adhesion molecules span the synapse

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6
Q

Through these protein-protein interactions, synaptic NT can lead to structural and functional changes to the synapses

A

Postsynaptic receptors are coupled to scaffolding proteins which then link to cytoskeletal proteins

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7
Q

Overview of the path of NT

A

-neurotransmitter synthesis (precursor entering the cell)
-vesicular transport (NT packed into synaptic vesicles and made outside and brough into vesicle)
-postsynaptic receptor
-NT binds to specific receptor and has excitatory or inhibitory response
-release-modulating autoreceptor (regulate terminal that have inhibitory effect on release of NT)
-NT can leak out of cleft
-clearance by astrocytes transporter
(Cleans up left over NT)

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8
Q

Enzymatic synthesis of NT

A

Enzymes (and empty synaptic vesicles) must be axonally transported from soma to terminal

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9
Q

Local synthesis of NT in axon terminals by enzyme located either…..

A

In cytoplasm or inside synaptic vesicles

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10
Q

If NT synthesized in cytoplasm, needs tranlocated unto synaptic vesicle by what

A

Selective transporter protein in vesicular membrane

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11
Q

Where are neuropeptides transcribes and translated?

A

In soma and modified in the Golgi

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12
Q

Axonal transport of neuropeptides

A

Transport of neuropeptide-containing vesicle to terminals

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13
Q

NT synthesis Is followed by sequestration into vesicles how?

A

Protein pump: ATP-dependent

Flow down EC gradient
The H+ going down the gradient supplies the energy

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14
Q

Exceptions to NT sequestration into vesicles

A
  • some NT synthesized by enzymes located inside synaptic vesicles from precursor molecules that must be sequestered by the vesicular membrane transporter
  • neuropeptides transmitters are synthesized and sequestered in the soma, then vesicles undergo anterograde axonal transport to terminal
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15
Q

Vesicles at rest

A

Few are already docked at active zone, most vesicles are tethered by actin and not yet docked

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16
Q

Vesicles after AP and Ca++ influx

A
  • Ca influx allows NT release by pre-docked vesicles
  • Ca influx causes actin filament to de-polymerize, dis-associate from vesicles dock, fuse, and release, vesicles are recycled
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17
Q

Ionotropic post synaptic receptor

A

Ion channel

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18
Q

Metabotropic post synaptic receptor

A

Coupled to 2nd messengers, usually G protein

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19
Q

Classical small molecule NT

A
  • Ach
  • amino acid NT
  • biogenic amines
  • indolamines
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20
Q

Examples of amino acid NTs

A
  • glutamate
  • GABA
  • histamine
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21
Q

Major excitatory NT in CNS

A

Glutamate

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22
Q

Y-aminobutryic acid, major inhibitory NT in CNS

A

GABA

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23
Q

Some neurons in hypothalamus, involved in wakefulness

A

Histamine

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24
Q

What are some biogenic amines

A

Cathecholamines

  • dopamine
  • norepi
  • epi
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25
Q

Example of indolamine

A

Serotonin

26
Q

What are monoamines?

A

All biogenic amines and indolamines

  • dopamine
  • norepi
  • epi
  • serotonin
27
Q

Neuropeptidess in CNS

A

-substance P (peripheral nerves, spinal cord, pain related)
-endogenous opiates (enkephalins, dynorphins, B-endorphin)
-orexin aka hypocretin (hypothalamus, regulates hunger and sleep)
Hypothalamic peptide hormones (function elsewhere in CNS as NT

28
Q

Neuropeptides of the CNS distribution

A

Have limited neuroanatomical distributions and specific functions (sleep/wake cycle, hunger, stress response, emotional/cognitive role, social behavior)

29
Q

Released from postsynaptic neuron and acts on PREsynaptic neuron to regulate NT release

A

Retrograde messengers

30
Q

Some neuro chemicals mediate retrograde transmission this way

A
  • synthesized and released by post neuron (non vesicular)
  • bind specific receptors or other targets in PRE neuron
  • regulate NT release, usually SUPPRESS release
31
Q

Examples of retrograde messengers

A
  • endocannabinoids (brains own marijuana)
  • NO
  • CO
32
Q

What are the two precursor molecules for Ach?

A

Choline

Acetyl Co-A

33
Q

Where do you get choline

A

Both dietary and recycled

34
Q

Where do you get acetyl Co-A

A

Mitochondria

35
Q

What breaks down Ach

A

Acetylcholinesterase

36
Q

ChAT

A

Choline acetyltransferase

37
Q

Choline deficiency

A

If poor nutrition, critical to brain development especially for mother and fetus

38
Q

What all pathways in the brain use Ach?

A

A LOT

-Cranial motor nuclei III and X

39
Q

In CNS, neurons located in

A

Forebrain and midbrain regions

40
Q

Functional significant of neurons located in forebrain and midbrain regions

A
  • regulates cognitive functions
  • reward seeking behavior
  • arousal/alertness/consciousness
  • sleep cycle
41
Q

Major excitatory NT in the CNS, especially in projection neurons. Ubiquitous (potent)

A

L-glutamate

42
Q

Functional significance of L-glutamate

A
  • involved in virtually all functions
  • neuronal plasticity
  • learning/memory
43
Q

Glutamate excitotoxcicity

A

Mechanism implicated in a range of neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, traumatic brain injury

44
Q

What are the primary sources of glutamate

A

2 from mitochondria

1 from astrocytes

45
Q

What kind of receptors does L-glutamate use

A

Ionotropic

  • AMPA or kainate
  • NMDA
46
Q

What kind of receptors are AMPA, kainate, and NMD?

A

Ionotropic

47
Q

AMPA

A
  • ionotropic
  • ligand gated
  • Na+, K+
  • L glutamate
48
Q

Kainate

A
  • ionotropic receptor
  • ligand gated
  • Na+ K+
  • L-glutamate
49
Q

NMDA

A
  • ionotropic
  • ligand gates
  • Na+, K+, Ca2+
  • L glutamate
50
Q

Key role in regulating neuronal excitability, morphological plasticity, and learning/memory

A

AMPA glutamate receptors

51
Q

Key mechanism for regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity-critical for learning and memory

A

Receptor trafficking to and from post synaptic membrane

52
Q

________ influx promote insertion of MORE AMPA receptors

A

EPSPs and Ca++

53
Q

_______ can induce removal AMPA receptors, creating silent synapses

A

Lack of stimulation or IPSPs

54
Q

Changes to neuronal excitability

A

Tend to be long lasting and slow to reverse

55
Q

Role of NMDA receptor

A

Amplifier of excitation

56
Q

Roles of NMDA as Ca++ channel

A

Amplifies depolarization

Key for synaptic plasticity

57
Q

Receptor mechanism of NMDA receptor

A
  • voltage gated and ligand gated
  • at resting potential: Mg++ block
  • depolarization releases Mg++ block and allows Ca++ influx as well as Na+/K+
58
Q

Abused drugs that are NMDA antagonists

A

PCP

Ketamine

59
Q

Over activation of NMDA receptor

A

Can be toxic!

Too much intracellular Ca++

60
Q

Overactive glutamate and calcium can lead to what

A

Deficient synaptic clearance, necrosis, apoptosis

Neuro Block 5 (11 decks)

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