Gross Anatomy Study Qs Flashcards
What brain regions comprise the cerebrum
- telecephalon (cerebral cortex, subcortical regions)
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus )
What Brian regions does the telecephalon refer to?
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical regiona
What brain regions does the diencephalon refer to?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
List the major brain regions in caudal to rostral order
Forebrain -telencephalon -diencephalon -lateral ventricle (and thrid) Midbrain -mesencephalon Hindbrain -metencephalon -myelencephalon Spinal cord
What is the spatial or anatomical relationships between the pons and cerebellum in terms of directional axes?
Cerebellum is posterior to pons
Is the pons more rostral or caudal than the cerebellum?
Rostral
Is the pons more anterior or posterior than the cerebellum
Anterior
Is the pons more dorsal or ventral than the cerebellum
Ventral
What neural structures comprise the vertebral compartment vs peripheral level?
Vertebral compartment -spinal cord, dorsal and ventral roots -motor and somatosensory exams Periphery -somatic/visceral nerves, reflexes
The adult human brain is still a fluid filled tube. Which ventricle or ventricular structure lies at the deepest part of the telencephalon?
Lateral ventricle
Deepest ventricular part of the diencephalon
3rd ventricle
What is the deepest ventricular structure in the midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
What is the ventricular structure between the pons and the cerebellum
4th ventricle
What is the ventricular stature between the medulla and the cerebellum
4th ventricle
What ventricular structure is within the spinal cord
Central canal
Name all of the dural compartments of the nervous system
- supratentorial
- infratentorial
- vertebral
- peripheral
What dural structures form the divisions or borders between the various dural compartments of the nervous system?
Tentorium cerebelli
What brain structures are separated by the falx cerebri
Right and left cerebral hemispheres
What brain structures are separated by the falx cerebelli
Right and left cerebellar hemispheres
What brain structures are separated by the tentorium cerebelli
Cerebrum and cerebellum
What does the term tentorial notch refer to
Hole created by tentorium cerebellum
What dural compartment contains cerebrum
Supratentorial
Functions of cerebrum that are tested by exam
- mental status
- awake/oriented
- olfactory/visual
- cognition/language
- emotional/behavioral regulations
- hypothalamic/pituitary functions
Which dural compartment contains the brainstem and the cerebellum
Infratentorial
Functions of brainstem in exam that are tested
Changes in cranial nerve functions
Functions of the cerebellum and the exams that are tested
Motor coordination
Which dural compartment contains olfactory tracts and structures involved?
Supratentorial
Which dural compartment contains all visual system stuff?
Supratentorial
Which dura compartment contains CN 3-12?
Infratentorial
What cranial nerve functions are tested in the neurological exam
- pupillary reflex
- eye movement
- face sensation
- muscle coordination
- blink reflex
- speech
- head movement
- tongue protrusion
If neurosurgeon planned to insert a manometer into a lateral ventricle, list the meningeal layers or spaces and the general brain region that it would cross through starting from the skull and ending in the lateral ventricle
Dura Arachnoid Pia Cerebrum Corpus callosum
Which specific meningeal layer contains pain sensitive fibers?
Dura
Which specific nerves carry the sensory information from the dura to the CNS
Mostly trigeminal (V) Some vagus (X) and cervical nerves
What type of blood vessel ruptures in an epidural hemorrhage?
Meningeal artery
Describe the location where the bleeding accumulates and forms a hematoma from a epidural hemorrhage
Above dura (between skull and dura)
Is the bleeding from an epidural hemorrhage in direct contact with the brain tissue?
No
Would an API dural hemorrhage change intracranial pressure?
Yes
What are some specific neurological signs that would likely develop from epidural hemorrhage that causes increased pressure?
Headache Nausea/vomitting Impaired consciousness Skull Increased systemic blood pressure Bradycardia Papilledema
Would bleeding from an epidural hemorrhage be detected by sampling CSF from a lumbar puncture?
Yes
Under what circumstances would a lumbar puncture be contraindicated?
Increased intracranial pressure suspected, can cause herniations
Infection or mass
What type of blood vessel ruptures in a typical subdural hemorrhage?
Cerebral veins
Describe the location where the blood would accumulate in a subdural hemorrhage
Between dura and arachnoid
Is the blood from a subdural hemorrhage in direct contact with the brain tissue?
No
Would subdural hemorrhage change intracranial pressure?
Yes
What type of blood vessel structure ruptures in a typica subarachnoid hemorrhage
Bleeding between arachnoid layer and pia/brain, into CSF space
Is the blood from a subarachnoid hemorrhage in direct contact with the brain?
Yes
Describe what a normal optic disc looks like in an ophthalmoscopy count or fundascopic exam and contrast it with the appearance of papilledema
Diffuse edges, not distinct edges or cups, lose contours, rippled effects along perimeter
What clinical problem does papilledema indicate?
Increased intracranial pressure
Pseudotumor cerebri
