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Neuro > Neurons First Test > Flashcards

Neurons First Test Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

sense changes in brain environment, communicate changes to other neurons, and commands body’s responses to changes
excitable
amitotic

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2
Q

glial cell

A 
insulate, support, and nourish neurons
glue
non excitable
10x more numerous than neurons
mitotic
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3
Q

histology

A

the microscopic study of the structure of tissues

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4
Q

nissl stain

A 
a class of basic dyes that stains the nucleus of all cells and also stains clumps of material surrounding the nuclei of neurons
distinguishes neurons and glia from one another
enables histologists to study arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain
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5
Q

cytoarchitecture

A

the arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain

study of cytoarchitecture led to realization that brain consists of many specialized regions

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6
Q

golgi stain

A

golgi soak brain tissue in silver chromate solution
small percentage of neurons become darkly colored in entirety
revealed that neuronal cell body (region of neuron around the nucleus that is shown with the nissl stain) is only small fraction of total structure of neuron

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7
Q

cell body

A

swollen region containing organelles and cell nucleus

aka soma aka perikaryon

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8
Q

neurite

A

the thin tubes that radiate away from the soma

two types: axons and dendrites

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9
Q

axon

A

wires that carry the output of the neurons

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10
Q

dendrite

A

come in contact with axons

act as antennae of neuron to receive incoming signals or input

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11
Q

neuron doctrine

A

the idea that the neuron adhered to the cell theory
golgi said neurons continuous, cajal said neurites of different neurons are not continuous and communicate by contact not continuity
canal/neuron doctrine correct

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12
Q

cytosol

A

the watery fluid inside the cell

contanis organelles

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13
Q

organelle

A

membrane-enclosed structures inside the cell

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14
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything contained within the confines of the cell membrane, including the organelles but excluding the nucleus

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15
Q

nucleus

A

spherical, centrally located
contained within nuclear envelope
contains DNA and genetic material for the cell

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16
Q

chromosome

A

contain genetic material DNA

double strands

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17
Q

DNA

A

genetic material passed on by parents
codes for identity
huge amount

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18
Q

gene

A

segments of DNA that code for specific parts of identity

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19
Q

gene expression

A

the reading of the DNA
final product of this is the synthesis of proteins
the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

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20
Q

protein

A

exist in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, perform many different functions, and bestow upon neurons virtually all of their unique characteristics

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21
Q

protein synthesis

A

assembly of protein molecules

occurs in cytoplasm

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22
Q

mRNA

A

the intermediary that carries the genetic message to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
consists of four different nucleic acids strung together in various sequences to form a chain
detailed sequence of nucleic acids represents the information in the gene

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23
Q

transcription

A

process of assembling mRNA from DNA

occurs in nucleus

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24
Q

microglial cell

A

function as phagocytes to remove debris left by dead or degenerating neurons and glia

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25
Q

translation

A

assembling of proteins from amino acids under direction mRNA

occurs in cytoplasm

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26
Q

ribosome

A

take raw material in the form of amino acids and manufacture proteins using the blueprint provided by the mRNA
attached to rough ER and free
rough go into membranes
proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are destined to reside within the cytosol of the neuron

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27
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

nissl bodies
major site of protein synthesis
proteins synthesized here are destined to be inserted into the membrane of the cell or an organelle

28
Q

smooth ER

A

performs different functions
site where proteins that just out from the membrane are folded
regulate internal concentrations of substances in the cell

29
Q

golgi apparatus

A

site of extensive post translation chemical processing of proteins
sorts certain products that are destined for delivery to different parts of the neuron

30
Q

mitochondrion

A

site of cellular respiration
energy of cell
makes ATP
powerhouse of the cell

31
Q

ATP

A

cell’s energy source
energy currency of the cell
used to fuel most of the biochemical reactions of the neuron

32
Q

neuronal membrane

A

barrier to enclose the cytoplasm inside the neuron

excludes certain substances that float in the fluid that bathes the neuron

33
Q

cytoskeleton

A

scaffolding of the cell
gives neuron characteristic shape
microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments
elements of it are dynamically regulated and in continual motion

34
Q

microtubule

A

big and run longitudinally down neurons
straight, thick-walled hollow pipe
biggest

35
Q

microfilament

A 
smallest
numerous in neuritis
brain of two thin strands
actin filaments
run longitudinally down the core of the neuritis
anchored to the membrane
36
Q

neurofilament

A

middle size
exist as intermediate filaments
closely resemble bones and ligaments of the skeleton
very strong

37
Q

axon hillock

A

beginning of axon
tapers to form initial segment of axon proper
differences between axons and soma:
1. no rough ER extends into the axon and there are few if any free ribosomes
2. protein composition of the axon membrane is fundamentally different from that of the soma membrane

38
Q

axon collateral

A

branches of axons
vary in size
thicker axon means faster impulse

39
Q

axon terminal

A

aka terminal button

site where axon comes in contact with other neurons and passes information on to them

40
Q

terminal button

A

same as axon terminal

41
Q

synapse

A

point of contact of axon and dendrite of other cell

42
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

axon terminal contains numerous small bubbles of membrane

store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

43
Q

neurotransmitter

A

the chemical signals that cross the synaptic cleft
stored in and released from the synaptic vesicles
different neurotransmitters have different functions

44
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

movement of material down the axon

anterograde and retrograde

45
Q

anterograde transport

A

movement of materials from the soma to the axon terminal

46
Q

receptor

A

specialized protein molecules in the dendritic membrane that detect the neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

47
Q

dendritic spine

A

specialized structures that cover the dendrites of some neurons
receive some types of synaptic input

48
Q

unipolar neuron

A

neuron that has a single neurite

49
Q

bipolar neuron

A

neuron that has two neurites

50
Q

multipolar neuron

A

neuron that has multiple neuritis

most neurons are multipolar

51
Q

stellate cell

A

star shaped cell/dendritic tree

52
Q

pyramidal cell

A

pyramid shaped cell/dendritic tree

53
Q

spiny neuron

A

neuron whose dendrites have spines

54
Q

spinous neuron

A

neuron whose dendrites don’t have spines

55
Q

primary sensory neuron

A

cells with connections

information delivered to nervous system by neurons that have neuritis in the sensory surfaces of the body

56
Q

motor neuron

A

have axons that form synapses with the muscles and command movements

57
Q

interneuron

A

most neurons

form connections only with other neurons

58
Q

astrocyte

A

most numerous glia
fill spaces between neurons
influence growth
regulate chemical content of extracellular space
actively remove many neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

59
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

provide layers of membrane that insulate axons
found in CNS
contribute myelin to several axons

60
Q

schwann cell

A

provide layers of membrane that insulate axons
found in PNS
contribute myelin to only one axon

61
Q

myelin

A

the insulation around axons
myelin sheath is the entire covering
speeds up propagation of nerve impulses down axon

62
Q

node of ranvier

A

periodic interruptions of the myelin sheath
short lengths where the axonal membrane is exposed
speed up nerve impulses transport

63
Q

ependymal cell

A

provide lining of fluid filled ventricles within the brain
play role in directing cell migration during brain development
help make CSF

64
Q

differences between cytoplasm of axon terminal and that of axon

A
  1. microtubules don’t extend into the terminal
  2. terminal contains numerous synaptic vesicles
  3. inside surface of membrane that faces synapse has particularly dense covering of proteins
  4. numerous mitochondria indicating high energy demand
65
Q

retrograde transport

A

movement of material from axon terminal to soma

Neuro (33 decks)

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