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Neuro > Formation or whatever > Flashcards

Formation or whatever Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

pointing toward nose

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2
Q

rostral

A

pointing toward nose

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3
Q

posterior

A

pointing toward tail/opposite direction from nose

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4
Q

caudal

A

pointing toward tail/opposite direction from nose

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5
Q

dorsal

A

pointing up

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6
Q

ventral

A

pointing down

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7
Q

midline

A

the invisible line running down the middle of the nervous system

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8
Q

medial

A

structures closer to the midline

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9
Q

lateral

A

structures farther away from the midline

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10
Q

ipsilateral

A

two structures on the same side of the midline

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11
Q

contralateral

A

two structures on opposite sides of the midline

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12
Q

sagittal cut

A

parallel to midsagittal (down the middle)

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13
Q

horizontal cut

A

parallel to the ground

splits brain into dorsal and ventral parts

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14
Q

coronal cut

A

perpendicular to ground

splits brain into caudal and rostral parts

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15
Q

midsagittal cut

A

splits brain into equal left and right halves

cut down longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

nervous system organization

A

CNS, brain and spinal cord

PNS, somatic PNS and visceral PNS

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17
Q

somatic PNS

A

somatic afferent fibers
somatic efferent fibers
all the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control

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18
Q

autonomic/visceral PNS

A

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, and glands; bring information about visceral function to CNS

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19
Q

afferent v efferent

A

afferent bring towards spinal cord, efferent carry away from spinal cord

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20
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response, increase blood pressure and heart rate, slows down digestion

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21
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body down after stress, decreases blood pressure and heart rate, increases digestion

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22
Q

brain stem function

A

relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa, regulates vital functions

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23
Q

dorsal root

A

contains axons bringing information into spinal cord

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24
Q

ventral root

A

contains axons carrying information away from spinal cord

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25
Q

cranial nerves

A

arise from brain stem and innervate head

26
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid
salty water that washes brain
made in choroid plexus

27
Q

CFS circulation

A

flows from paired ventricles of cerebrum to series of connected unpaired cavities at core of brain stem
exits ventricular system and enters subarachnoid space
absorbed in subarachnoid space by blood vessels at arachnoid villi

28
Q

what layer is CSF found meninges

A

subarachnoid space

29
Q

water on the brain/hydrocephalus

A

when flow of CSF from choroid plexus through ventricular system to subarachnoid space impaired, fluid backs up and causes swelling of ventricles
head expands in babies
in adults soft brain tissue compressed, can lead to death

30
Q

meningitis

A

Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling.

31
Q

subdural hematoma

A

A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the covering of the brain (dura) and the surface of the brain.

A subdural hematoma is most often the result of a severe head injury. This type of subdural hematoma is among the deadliest of all head injuries. The bleeding fills the brain area very rapidly, compressing brain tissue. This often results in brain injury and may lead to death.

Subdural hematomas can also occur after a minor head injury. The amount of bleeding is smaller and occurs more slowly. This type of subdural hematoma is often seen in older adults. These may go unnoticed for many days to weeks, and are called chronic subdural hematomas.

With any subdural hematoma, tiny veins between the surface of the brain and its outer covering (the dura) stretch and tear, allowing blood to collect. In older adults, the veins are often already stretched because of brain shrinkage (atrophy) and are more easily injured.

32
Q

STUDY BRAIN PART FUNCTIONS FLASH CARDS

A

okay

33
Q

forebrain

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

34
Q

midbrain

A

midbrain

35
Q

hindbrain

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla

36
Q

DSVM

A

Dorsal Sensory Ventral Motor

37
Q

white matter

A

a bundle of axons in the CNS

38
Q

gray matter

A

the cell bodies of the neurons in the CNS

39
Q

gray matter and white matter locations in spinal cord/brain

A

gray: surface of brain, deep inside spinal cord
white: buried in brain’s cortex, outside of spinal cord

40
Q

CT

A

generates image of brain slice
x ray beams used to generate data that generates a digitally reconstructed image
2D
structural

41
Q

fMRI

A

active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, more blood to activate regions, techniques detect changes in blood flow
3D
functional
more oxygenated hemoglobin in part of brain then shows up on scan
hemoglobin has iron in it

42
Q

MRI

A

uses info on how hydrogen atoms respond in brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field, signals mapped by computer
3D
structural

43
Q

PET

A 
detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within brain
active neurons blood flow
positron emission tomography
3D
functional
44
Q

advantages of MRI over CT

A

more detail
doesn’t require x-irradiation
brain slice image in any angle

45
Q

germ layers of embryo

A

endoderm mesoderm ectoderm

46
Q

endoderm

A

becomes internal organs

digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver, pancreas

47
Q

mesoderm

A

becomes bones, cartilage, muscles, somites, eventually vertebrae and associated muscles
muscles and skeleton

48
Q

ectoderm

A

becomes neural tube (eventually CNS), neural crest (eventually PNS), skin, hair
outer layer of skin, hair, lining of nose and mouth, nervous system

49
Q

stages of neurulation

A
  1. primitive embryonic CNS begins as thin sheet of ectoderm
  2. formation of neural groove
  3. walls of neural groove (neural folds) come together and fuse, forming the neural tube
  4. bits of neural ectoderm pinched off when tube rolls up = neural crest, PNS develops from it, neural tube closes up
50
Q

neurulation

A

process by which neural plate becomes the neural tube

51
Q

neural tube generates

A

entire CNS

52
Q

neural crest generates

A

all neurons with cell bodies in PNS

53
Q

somites become

A

33 individual vertebrae of spinal column and related skeletal muscles

54
Q

vitamin need to have to help prevent neural tube defects

A

folic acid/folate

55
Q

anencephaly

A

failure of anterior neural tube to close
degeneration of forebrain and skull
always fatal

56
Q

spina bifida

A

failure of posterior neural tube to close
failure of posterior spinal cord to form from neural plate or defects in meninges and vertebrae overlying posterior spinal cord
usually not fatal

57
Q

three vesicles and what give rise to

A

prosencephalon —> telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon —> mesencephalon
rhombencephalon —> metencephalon and myelencephalon

58
Q

five vesicles and what give rise to

A 
telencephalon —> cerebrum
diencephalon—> thalamus and hypothalamus
mesencephalon—> midbrain
metencephalon—> pons and cerebellum
myelencephalon—> medulla
59
Q

dura mater

A

outermost meninge, thickest and most protective

60
Q

arachnoid

A

middle

61
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninge, gentle

62
Q

STUDY DIAGRAMS OF SPINAL CORD AND MENINGES

A

okay

Neuro (33 decks)

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