Formation or whatever Flashcards
anterior
pointing toward nose
rostral
pointing toward nose
posterior
pointing toward tail/opposite direction from nose
caudal
pointing toward tail/opposite direction from nose
dorsal
pointing up
ventral
pointing down
midline
the invisible line running down the middle of the nervous system
medial
structures closer to the midline
lateral
structures farther away from the midline
ipsilateral
two structures on the same side of the midline
contralateral
two structures on opposite sides of the midline
sagittal cut
parallel to midsagittal (down the middle)
horizontal cut
parallel to the ground
splits brain into dorsal and ventral parts
coronal cut
perpendicular to ground
splits brain into caudal and rostral parts
midsagittal cut
splits brain into equal left and right halves
cut down longitudinal fissure
nervous system organization
CNS, brain and spinal cord
PNS, somatic PNS and visceral PNS
somatic PNS
somatic afferent fibers
somatic efferent fibers
all the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control
autonomic/visceral PNS
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, and glands; bring information about visceral function to CNS
afferent v efferent
afferent bring towards spinal cord, efferent carry away from spinal cord
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response, increase blood pressure and heart rate, slows down digestion
parasympathetic nervous system
calms body down after stress, decreases blood pressure and heart rate, increases digestion
brain stem function
relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa, regulates vital functions
dorsal root
contains axons bringing information into spinal cord
ventral root
contains axons carrying information away from spinal cord
cranial nerves
arise from brain stem and innervate head
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
salty water that washes brain
made in choroid plexus
CFS circulation
flows from paired ventricles of cerebrum to series of connected unpaired cavities at core of brain stem
exits ventricular system and enters subarachnoid space
absorbed in subarachnoid space by blood vessels at arachnoid villi
what layer is CSF found meninges
subarachnoid space
water on the brain/hydrocephalus
when flow of CSF from choroid plexus through ventricular system to subarachnoid space impaired, fluid backs up and causes swelling of ventricles
head expands in babies
in adults soft brain tissue compressed, can lead to death
meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling.
subdural hematoma
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the covering of the brain (dura) and the surface of the brain.
A subdural hematoma is most often the result of a severe head injury. This type of subdural hematoma is among the deadliest of all head injuries. The bleeding fills the brain area very rapidly, compressing brain tissue. This often results in brain injury and may lead to death.
Subdural hematomas can also occur after a minor head injury. The amount of bleeding is smaller and occurs more slowly. This type of subdural hematoma is often seen in older adults. These may go unnoticed for many days to weeks, and are called chronic subdural hematomas.
With any subdural hematoma, tiny veins between the surface of the brain and its outer covering (the dura) stretch and tear, allowing blood to collect. In older adults, the veins are often already stretched because of brain shrinkage (atrophy) and are more easily injured.
STUDY BRAIN PART FUNCTIONS FLASH CARDS
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forebrain
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
midbrain
midbrain
hindbrain
pons, cerebellum, medulla
DSVM
Dorsal Sensory Ventral Motor
white matter
a bundle of axons in the CNS
gray matter
the cell bodies of the neurons in the CNS
gray matter and white matter locations in spinal cord/brain
gray: surface of brain, deep inside spinal cord
white: buried in brain’s cortex, outside of spinal cord
CT
generates image of brain slice
x ray beams used to generate data that generates a digitally reconstructed image
2D
structural
fMRI
active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, more blood to activate regions, techniques detect changes in blood flow
3D
functional
more oxygenated hemoglobin in part of brain then shows up on scan
hemoglobin has iron in it
MRI
uses info on how hydrogen atoms respond in brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field, signals mapped by computer
3D
structural
PET
detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within brain active neurons blood flow positron emission tomography 3D functional
advantages of MRI over CT
more detail
doesn’t require x-irradiation
brain slice image in any angle
germ layers of embryo
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
endoderm
becomes internal organs
digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver, pancreas
mesoderm
becomes bones, cartilage, muscles, somites, eventually vertebrae and associated muscles
muscles and skeleton
ectoderm
becomes neural tube (eventually CNS), neural crest (eventually PNS), skin, hair
outer layer of skin, hair, lining of nose and mouth, nervous system
stages of neurulation
- primitive embryonic CNS begins as thin sheet of ectoderm
- formation of neural groove
- walls of neural groove (neural folds) come together and fuse, forming the neural tube
- bits of neural ectoderm pinched off when tube rolls up = neural crest, PNS develops from it, neural tube closes up
neurulation
process by which neural plate becomes the neural tube
neural tube generates
entire CNS
neural crest generates
all neurons with cell bodies in PNS
somites become
33 individual vertebrae of spinal column and related skeletal muscles
vitamin need to have to help prevent neural tube defects
folic acid/folate
anencephaly
failure of anterior neural tube to close
degeneration of forebrain and skull
always fatal
spina bifida
failure of posterior neural tube to close
failure of posterior spinal cord to form from neural plate or defects in meninges and vertebrae overlying posterior spinal cord
usually not fatal
three vesicles and what give rise to
prosencephalon —> telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon —> mesencephalon
rhombencephalon —> metencephalon and myelencephalon
five vesicles and what give rise to
telencephalon —> cerebrum diencephalon—> thalamus and hypothalamus mesencephalon—> midbrain metencephalon—> pons and cerebellum myelencephalon—> medulla
dura mater
outermost meninge, thickest and most protective
arachnoid
middle
pia mater
innermost meninge, gentle
STUDY DIAGRAMS OF SPINAL CORD AND MENINGES
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