Brain Health 4

Question 1

action of benzodiazepines in treating anxiety

Answer 1

GABA agonists

bind to GABA channels, easier for GABA to open channels, help people relax and decrease anxiety

Question 2

why are alcohol abuse and anxiety disorders found in same people

Answer 2

alcohol agonist for GABA so reduces anxiety

form of self medication

Question 3

which adaptive response of the brain to SSRIs seems to be involved in diminishing the symptoms of anxiety

Answer 3

nervous system adapts to chronically elevated brain serotonin via some structural or functional change not understood

Question 4

monoamine hypothesis for affective disorders

Answer 4

problems arise with the modulatory systems for serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine, causing deficits in the CNS
drugs that increase monoamines improve patient mood

Question 5

diathesis stress hypothesis of mood disorders

Answer 5

people may have genetic traits (diathesis) but their environmental influences (stressors) determine whether or not a disorder is produced

Question 6

comorbidity of depression and anxiety

Answer 6

often coexist

childhood abuse and neglect and genetic factors put people at risk

Question 7

animals injected with CRH

Answer 7

had behavioral effects similar to those of major depression

Question 8

tactile stimulation activates

Answer 8

the ascending serotonergic inputs to the hippocampus and the serotonin triggers a long lasting increase in the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene

Question 9

pros and cons of ECT

Answer 9

pros: relief occurs quickly
cons: memory loss

Question 10

4 types of antidepressants

Answer 10

1. tricyclic compounds
2. SSRIs
3. NE-selective reuptake inhibitors
4. MAD inhibitors

Question 11

tricyclic compounds

Answer 11

block reuptake of NE and 5-HT by transporters

Question 12

SSRIs

Answer 12

act only on 5-HT terminals

Question 13

NE-selective reuptake inhibitors

Answer 13

elevate monoamine neurotransmitter levels

Question 14

MAD inhibitors

Answer 14

reduce enzymatic degradation of 5-HT and NE

Question 15

antidepressants and HPA

Answer 15

dampen hyperactivity of HPA axis

Question 16

changes in schizophrenic brains

Answer 16

enlarged lateral ventricles, defects in myelin sheaths, changes in synapses, etc

Question 17

dopamine hypothesis schizophrenia

Answer 17

psychotic episodes triggered by activation of dopamine receptors

Question 18

effects on GABA a receptor of alcohol and barbiturate

Answer 18

sedative hypnotic drugs, act like GABA, cause increased chloride conductance

Question 19

effects on GABA a receptor of benzodiazepine

Answer 19

anti anxiety drug, enhances binding effects of GABA

Question 20

effects on GABA a receptor of GABA

Answer 20

inhibitory receptor and effect, decreases neuron’s rate of firing

Question 21

drugs can mimic symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 21

amphetamine, dopamine action

Question 22

narcotic

analgesic

Answer 22

sleep inducing

pain relieving

Question 23

where does opium come from, use

Answer 23

extract of seeds of opium poppy

used to produce euphoria, analgesia, sleep, and relief

Question 24

effect of behavioral stimulants

Answer 24

increase motor behavior and elevate mood and alertness

cocaine and amphetamine

Question 25

how do cocaine and amphetamine affect dopamine pathway and synapses

Answer 25

dopamine agonists
block dopamine reuptake transporter
more dopamine in synaptic cleft
increase amount of dopamine available in synapses to stimulate dopamine receptors

Question 26

stimulatory effect of caffeine

Answer 26

inhibits enzyme that normally breaks down second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
increase in cAMP leads to increase in glucose production within cells, more energy available, higher rates of cellular activity

Question 27

psychedelic drug

Answer 27

alters sensory perception and cognitive processes

Question 28

four neurotransmitter pathways that can be affected by psychedelic drugs

Answer 28

acetylcholine synapses, CB1 and CB2 receptors and the memory systems of the brain, serotonin neurons/stimulate postsynaptic receptors of some serotonin synapses and block activity of serotonin neurons

Question 29

sleep

Answer 29

helps brain prune back unneeded synapses

Homer1A prunes synapses

Question 30

exercise

Answer 30

stimulates brain growth factors
more blood and insulin in brain
improve balance and flexibility

Question 31

compassion/community service

Answer 31

growth on left side of prefrontal cortex
growth of integrative fibers in the brain
pleasure centers in brain equal watching others happy or yourself happy
lower inflammation in brain

Question 32

meditation

Answer 32

reduces IL6 levels
lowers inflammation levels
increases functional connectivity of people’s resting default mode network in dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 33

internal locus of control

Answer 33

overly internal people who lack confidence can become neurotic, anxious, and depressed
when taken to extreme can be psychologically unhealthy and unstable

Question 34

nature

Answer 34

easier time solving creative problems
cortisol levels drop
EEGs show less energy coming from prefrontal cortex meaning brain is relaxed
blood pressure drops
anxiety decreases

Question 35

dopamine vs glutamate

Answer 35

too much dopamine

too little glutamate