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Neuro > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron

A

A neuron is a cell which is specialised for electrical cell signalling

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2
Q

How does an impulse get passed between each neuron

A

By the connections made between t adjacent dendrites

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3
Q

Where do the axon potentials travel along

A

They travel alone the axon from the axon hillock

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of neuron communication

A

Chemical and electrical

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5
Q

How does chemical communication between neurons occur

A

Via neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Examples of neuro transmitters for chemical commuincation

A

Serotonin
Glutamate

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7
Q

How does electrical communication occur between neurons

A

Via direct flow of ions

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8
Q

Explain chemical synaptic transmission

A

The axon potential arrives to the axon terminal on the pre-synaptic neuron, where it becomes depolarised in the terminal membrane. This causes the voltage gated calcium channels to open and a calcium influx. This calcium influx triggers the neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft towards the post synaptic neuron

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9
Q

How do neurons differ from each other

A

Size
Morphology
Neurotransmitter content
Electrical properties

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10
Q

What is neural plasticity

A

Changes in the neuronal structure and function due to neural activity built off the basis of learning and memory

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11
Q

What is spine remodelling linked to

A

Neural activity

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12
Q

What are oligodendrocytes

A

They are myelinated cells of the CNS
They are unique to vertebrates
Rapid nerve conduction due to the myelination of segments of axons

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13
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of

A

70% lipids
30% proteins

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14
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed

A

The myelin sheath is formed by wrapping the axons by the oligodendrocye processes

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15
Q

What are microglia

A

Resident immune cells of the CNS

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16
Q

Where do microglia originate

A

They originate in the yolk sac progenitors that migrate into the CNS

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17
Q

How do microglia work

A

In a resting state the microglia are highly ramified motile processes but upon activation they retract and become ameboid and motile

18
Q

What is the role of microglia

A

They proliferate at the sites of injury
Phagocytosis
Immune surveillance
Synaptic plasticity

19
Q

What are astrocytes

A

They are start like cells which are the most numerous glial cell in the CNS, they are highly heterogenous

20
Q

What do astrocytes contribute to

A

The blood brain barrier

21
Q

Where are oliodendrocytes most numerous

A

In white matter

22
Q

What is the structural function of astrocytes

A

They define brain micro-architecture

23
Q

What other functions do astrocytes have

A

They envelop synapses
Metabolic support
Neurovascular coupling
Proliferate diseases

24
Q

What are the 3 types of specialised astrocytes

A

Radial glia
Bergmann Glia
Muller cells

25
Q

What are radial glia important for

A

Important for brain development

26
Q

Where are bergmann glia found

A

In the cerebellum

27
Q

Where are muller cells found

A

Retina

28
Q

What is an abundance of neuronal cell bodies called

A

Nuclei

29
Q

What do axons gather together into

A

Tracts

30
Q

Tracts that cross in the midline are called

A

Commissures

31
Q

Where are cell bodies and supporting cells located in the PNS

A

Ganglia

32
Q

In the PNS what do axons bundle into

A

Nerves

33
Q

In the PNS what are axons enveloped in

A

Schwann cells

34
Q

What is the blood brain barrier formed of

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions, basement membrane, astrocyte end feet, pericytes

35
Q

What is the blood brain barrier sensitive too and what problems does this cause

A

The blood brain barrier is sensitive to inflammation, hypertension, trauma and ischemia which can cause problems for drug delivery

36
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

These are epithelial-like cells which line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal in the spinal cord

37
Q

What are the function of the ependymal cells

A

Cerebrospinal fluid production
Cerebrospinal fluid flow
Cerebrospinal fluid absorption

38
Q

What facilities the flow on ependymal cells

A

They are ciliated which facilities the flow

39
Q

What do the ependymal cells allow to happen

A

Allow for solute exchange between the nervous tissue and cerebrospinal fluid

40
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

They are frond like projections in the ventricles

41
Q

How are the choroid plexus formed

A

They are formed from modified ependymal cells which are highly vascularised with a large surface area

42
Q

What is the main function of the choroid plexus

A

Production of cerebrospinal fluid by plasma filtration driven by solute secretion

Neuro (17 decks)

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