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Neuro > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound

A

The displacement of air particles following a sinusoidal pattern of compression and rerefacation

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2
Q

What does a quieter sound wave look like

A

Shorter amplitude
Longer wave length

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3
Q

What does a loud sound wave look like

A

Higher amplitude
Shorter wave length

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4
Q

What does a lower pitch sound wave look like

A

Lower frequency
Longer wave length

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5
Q

What does a higher pitch sound wave look like

A

Higher frequency
Shorter wave length

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6
Q

What is the range of human hearing

A

20Hz to 20KhZ

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7
Q

What are the components of the auditory system

A

Outer ear- air
Middle ear-air
Inner ear- fluid
Central auditory pathways

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8
Q

What makes up the outer ear

A

Pinna and ear canal

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9
Q

What is the pinna

A

The pinna is the cartillagenous structure on the outside of the ear

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10
Q

What is the pinna formed of

A

It is formed of pharyngeal arches 1 and 2
6x hillocks of His

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11
Q

When does the pinna form

A

Between weeks 10 and 18 weeks in utero

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12
Q

What is the function of the pinna

A

Directed sound waves towards the ear canal

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13
Q

What is the ear canal made up of

A

1/3 cartilage (outer 1/3)
2/3 bone

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14
Q

What is the ear drum also known as

A

Tympanic membrane

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15
Q

What is the top 1/3 of the ear drum called

A

Pars flaccida

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16
Q

What are the bottom 2/3 of the ear drum called

A

Pars tensa

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17
Q

What are the bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

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18
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear

A

Tensor tympani and the stapedius

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19
Q

What are the tubes in the middle ear

A

The Eustachian tube

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20
Q

What is the role of the middle ear

A

Acoustic impedance match between air and fluid filled inner ear
Amplification of the airborne sound vibration which will make it louder

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21
Q

How much energy is lost transferring air to fluid

A

97% loss of energy

22
Q

What is the roles of the muscles of the middle ear

A

Protection of the inner ear from acoustic trauma
Stiffens the osciular chain
Stapedius is stimulated acoustically
Tensor tympani has voluntary and involuntary control- (chewing)

23
Q

What is the role of the Eustachian tube

A

Ventilation of the middle ear space
Drainage of secretions

24
Q

What is the inner ear

A

A set of fluid sacs

25
Q

What is part of the inner ear

A

Cochlear
Labyrinth

26
Q

How is the inner ear innervated

A

Vestibulochochlear nerve

27
Q

What is the cochlear responsible for

A

Hearing

28
Q

What is the labyrinth responsible for

A

Balance

29
Q

What is the cochlea made up of

A

2.5 turns fluid filled bony tube
3 compartments
2 ionic fluids
2 openings

30
Q

What are the 2 openings in the cochlea

A

Round window and oval window

31
Q

What are the 3 compartments in the cochlear

A

Scala tympani
Scala media
Scala vestibuli

32
Q

What are the 2 cochlear fluids

A

Endolymph
Perilymph

33
Q

How are the gradients of the cochlear fluids maintained

A

Na, K-ATPase and NKCC1 CIC-K chloride channels

34
Q

What sits on the basilar membrane

A

The organ of corti

35
Q

What are the hair cells of the organ of corti attached to

A

Tectorial membrane

36
Q

How are the Scala vestibuli and the Scala tympani connected

A

The helicotrema

37
Q

What is tonotopy

A

The basilar membrane responding to different frequency sounds at different points along the membrane

38
Q

Where on the basilar membrane are high frequency sound heard

A

The base

39
Q

Where on the basilar membrane are low frequencies heard

A

At the apex

40
Q

How does the organ of corti move

A

The basilar membrane is a mobile structure which causes the organ of corti to move

41
Q

What is the role of the inner hair cells on the organ of corti

A

Mechanical transduction

42
Q

What is the role of the outer hair cells of the organ of corti

A

Fine tuning

43
Q

How are the stereocillia moved

A

They are moved in a rapid response.
They move when the mechanically gated potassium channels open which causes a wave or rapid depolarisation, this causes calcium ions to enter through voltage gated channels. This results in a release of neurotransmitters. Repolarisation then occurs through the influx of potassium ions into perilymph which is low on potassium

44
Q

How is frequency encoded

A

It is encoded in nerves by location along the basilar membrane

45
Q

How is intensity encoded

A

Intensity is encoded by numbers responding and by firing rate

46
Q

How is sound transduction encoded

A

Inner hairs cells

47
Q

How is amplification encoded

A

Outer hair cells

48
Q

How does sound reach from the ear to the brain to be processed

A

Via the auditory fibre in the spiral ganglion
The spiral ganglion then transmits it via the cochlear nerve (8th nerve) to the central auditory pathway in the brain

49
Q

How is sound localised

A

Sound is localised by the brain stem

50
Q

What makes up the central auditory pathway

A

Eighth nerve
Cochlear nucleus
Olive
Lateral leminiscus
Inferior colliculus

Neuro (17 decks)

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