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Neuro > Neurones > Flashcards

Neurones Flashcards

1
Q

How do neurones communicate?

A

Via synapses

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2
Q

How many types of synapses are there?

A

2

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3
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Chemical
Electrical

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4
Q

How do neurones communicate by a chemical synapse?

A

Via neurotransmitters

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5
Q

How do neurones communicate by a electrical synapse?

A

Via direct flow of ions

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6
Q

Which type of synapse happens more frequently?

A

Chemical

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7
Q

What happens during a chemical synaptic

A
  • Axon potential depolarises synaptic terminal membrane
  • Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels leads to calcium influx
  • Calcium influx triggers neurotransmitter release
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8
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

Changes in neuronal/synaptic structure and function in response to neural activity

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9
Q

What do neurons differ in?

A

Size
Morphology
Neurotransmitter content
Electrical properties

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10
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinating cells of the CNS

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11
Q

What are oligodendrocytes unique to?

A

Vertebraes

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12
Q

What is the main function of myelin?

A

Insulates axon segments, enabling rapid nerve conduction

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13
Q

What are myelin sheath segments interrupted by?

A

Nodes of Ranvier – where ion channels are concentration, this allows saltatory conduction

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14
Q

What are oligodendrocytes important for?

A

They provide metabolic support for axons

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15
Q

What are microglia?

A

Resident immune cells of the CNS

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16
Q

Where do microglia originate from?

A

Originate from yolk sac progenitors that migrate into CNS during embryonic development

17
Q

Describe microglia in ‘resting state’

A

Highly ramified

18
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

Immune surveillance
Phagocytosis – debris/microbes
Synaptic plasticity – pruning of spines
“Good” (M2) & “bad” (M1) microglia

19
Q

What are the most numerous glial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

20
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Structural - define brain micro-architecture
Envelope synapses
Metabolic support
Neurovascular coupling – changes in cerebral blood flow in response to neural activity
Proliferate in disease = gliosis or astrocytosis

21
Q

What are the types of specialised astrocytes?

A

Radial glia
Bergmann glia
Muller cells

22
Q

What are radial glia important for?

A

Brain development

23
Q

Where are bergmann glia located?

A

Cerebellum

24
Q

Where are muller cells located?

A

Retina

25
Q

What is motor neurone disease?

A

Adult onset neurodegenerative disease characterised by loss of upper (motor cortex) and lower (spinal cord) motor neurones

26
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune demyelinating disease where immune cells attack the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes

27
Q

What are axons in the CNS gathered into?

A

Tracts

28
Q

What is grey matter abundant in?

A

Abundant in neural cell bodies & processes

29
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Contains abundance of myelinated tracts & commissures

30
Q

What are axons in the PNS bundles into?

A

Nerves

31
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier formed by?

A

Endothelial cell tight junctions
Basement membrane (few fenestrations)
Astrocyte end feet
Pericytes (contractile, aid blood flow)

32
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier sensitive to?

A

Inflammation
Hypertension
Trauma
Ischaemia

33
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

CSF production
Flow & absorption

34
Q

What do ependymal cells allow?

A

Allow solute exchange between nervous tissue & CSF

35
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Frond-like projections in ventricles

36
Q

What is the choroid plexus formed from?

A

Modified ependymal cells - villi form around network of capillaries
→ highly vascularised with a large surface area

37
Q

What is the choroid plexus the main site for?

A

CSF production by plasma filtration driven by solute secretion

Neuro (14 decks)

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