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Anatomy 23 (Neuro 6) Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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4
Q

How many vertebrae does the sacrum consist of?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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5
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccynx

A

4 or more rudimentary vertebrae

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6
Q

Through which joints does the vertebral column transmit the body weight on to the lower limbs?

A

Sacroilliac joints

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7
Q

What does the vertebral canal consist of?

A

Spinal cord and it’s coverings
Spinal nerves

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8
Q

What is the upper most spinous process that is palpable?

A

7th cervical vertebra

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9
Q

What is the 7th cervical vertebra known as?

A

‘vertebra prominent’

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10
Q

What is the highest point of the iliac crest in line with?

A

The interval between L3-L4 spines

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11
Q

When is the sinusoidal shape of the vertebral column developed?

A

After birth

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12
Q

What shape is the vertebral column in the foetus?

A

‘C’ shaped with concavity facing anteriorly

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13
Q

When does the secondary curvature develop?

A

After birth, convexity develops in the cervical region when the child holds up their head and in the lumbar region when the legs start weight bearing

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14
Q

What are movements of the vertebral column?

A

Forward flexion (40 degrees)
Extension (15 degrees)
Lateral flexion (30 degrees)
Rotation (40 degrees)

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15
Q

In which region is rotation maximum?

A

Thoracic region

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16
Q

In which region is rotation very limited?

A

Lumbar region

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17
Q

In which region is flexion and extension very limited and why?

A

Thoracic region due to the presence of the rib cage

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18
Q

What are the intervertebral discs?

A

Strong fibrocartilaginous structures that can withstand
compression forces but are flexible enough to allow movements between the vertebrae

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19
Q

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis

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20
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Well hydrated gel having proteoglycan, collagen and cartilage cells

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21
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made of?

A

10-12 concentric layers of collagen whose oblique arrangement alters in successive layers

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22
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus attached to peripherally?

A

Vertebral bodies as well as to the posterior longitudinal ligament

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23
Q

What can a herniation of the intervertebral disc cause?

A

Can narrow the intervertebral foramen and cause compression of the nerve root

24
Q

What happens to the annulus fibrosis in herniation?

A

The annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc no longer contains the nucleus pulposus and it bulges into the spinal canal or intervertebral foramina.

25
What is a straight posterior herniation often prevented by?
Firm attachment of the disc to the posterior longitudinal ligament
26
What can arthritis of the facet joints lead to?
Can narrow the intervertebral foramen and cause nerve root compression
27
What is radiculopathy?
Nerve root pathology - most commonly compression due to prolapsed intervertebral disc. Most commonly at L5/S1 in the lumbar region or C6/7 in the neck.
28
What is sciatica?
Compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve (L5)
29
What are the signs/symptoms of sciatica?
Signs and symptoms: ▪ Pain radiating down the buttock, into the leg, down to the calf. ▪ Weakness in dorsiflexion causes foot drop. ▪ Abnormal gait
30
What is the epidural space?
The ‘space’ between the vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord
31
What does the epidural space contain?
Contains the small arteries which supplies the spinal cord and the vertebral venous plexuses
32
What are veins in the vertebral venous plexuses called?
Batson's veins
33
Describe features of veins in the vertebral venous plexuses (Batson's veins)
Contain no valves and communicate freely with the intercostal veins and pelvic veins, including the veins draining the prostate
34
What is the cauda equina syndrome?
Compression of the nerve roots below the level of spinal cord termination (L1-S5)
35
What is cauda equina syndrome most commonly caused by?
Disc prolapse at L4/5 or L5/S1 level
36
What are signs/symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?
Signs and symptoms: ▪ Low back pain ▪ Perineal paraesthesia (saddle distribution) ▪ Decreased anal tone ▪ Bladder dysfunction ▪ Faecal incontinence ▪ Sciatica (more commonly bilateral) ▪ Variable lower extremity motor and sensory loss ▪ Sexual dysfunction
37
What is a spinal cord segment?
Area of the spinal cord from which a pair of spinal nerves are given off
38
How many pairs of spinal nerves does the spinal cord contain?
31 pairs of spinal nerves, hence 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal
39
What type of fibres does the dorsal root of the spinal nerve carry?
Sensory fibres
40
What does the dorsal root ganglion house?
The cells of origin of the dorsal root fibres
41
Is the ventral root sensory or motor?
Motor
42
Where does the ventral root emerge?
Emerges on the anterolateral aspect of the cord on either side
43
What is the spinal nerve formed of?
Anterior and posterior roots join together at the intervertebral foramen
44
What forms the cauda equina?
The lumbar and sacral nerve roots below the termination of the cord
45
Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
Intervertebral foramen
46
What is the intervertebral foramen bounded by anteriorly?
Bodies of the adjoining vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc
47
What is the intervertebral foramen bounded by posteriorly?
Synovial joints between the 2 superior and the 2 inferior articular processes
48
Where does the spinal cord end?
Interval between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebraes
49
What is the conus medullaris?
The tapering end of the cord
50
What is the filum terminale?
A fibrous strand extending from the conus medullaris to the coccyx
51
What is the cauda equina?
Nerves from the lower part of the cord, the lumbar and sacral nerves, hanging obliquely downwards
52
What is the mnemonic for the spinocerebellar tracts?
COVID Contralateral is Ventral, Ipsilateral is Dorsal
53
How do metastases from malignant tumours, in breast and prostrate reach the vertebrae?
Through the vertebral venous plexuses which are connected to the veins draining these organs
54
Where is the needle inserted in a lumbar puncture?
Into the subdural space in L3-L4 interspace
55
What is the treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?
CSF drained to decrease pressure

Neuro (14 decks)

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