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Neuro > Motor System > Flashcards

Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control?

A

Motor control involves a dynamically changing mix of conscious and unconscious regulation of muscle force, informed by continuous and complex sensory feedback, operating in a framework sculpted by evolutionary pressures

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of muscle control?

A

Voluntary
Goal-directed
Habit
Involuntary

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3
Q

Give examples of voluntary motor control

A

Running
Walking
Talking
Playing guitar etc

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4
Q

What is goal-directed motor control?

A

Conscious
Explicit
Controlled

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5
Q

What is ‘habit’ motor control?

A

Unconscious
Implicit
Automatic

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6
Q

Give examples of involuntary motor control

A

Eye movements
Facial expressions
Jaw
Tongue
Postural muscles throughout trunk
Hand and fingers
Diaphragm
Cardiac
Intercostals (around lungs)
Digestive tract

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7
Q

What is motor control governed by?

A

Upper and lower motor neurones

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8
Q

Where does the lower motor neurone begin?

A

Brainstem or spinal cord

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9
Q

Where do upper motor neurones originate?

A

Higher centres

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10
Q

What do lower motor neurones project to?

A

Muscles

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11
Q

Where do upper motor neurones project to?

A

Project down to meet the lower motor neurones

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12
Q

What type of manner do individual muscles fibres act in?

A

‘All-or-none’ manner

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13
Q

What does control of muscle force depend on?

A

The way in which lower motor neurones activate different types of muscle fibre

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14
Q

What % of body weight do muscles make up?

A

40%

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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16
Q

What is the smallest muscle in the body?

A

Stapedius, found in the inner ear

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17
Q

What is the largest muscle in the body?

A

Gluteus maximus, found in the hip/buttock

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18
Q

What is the strongest muscle in the body?

A

Masseter, found in the jaw

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19
Q

What is antagonistic arrangement?

A

Combined co-ordinated action

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20
Q

What is muscle size/strength about?

A

Cross sectional area of individual fibres and different proportions of the different types of fibre

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21
Q

What attaches a skeletal muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

22
Q

What is skeletal muscle comprised of?

A

Several muscle fasciculi (group of muscle fibres)

23
Q

What is muscle fasciculus comprised of?

A

Several muscle fibres (= muscle cells)

24
Q

What is muscle fibre constituted of?

A

Several myofibrils

25
Q

What do myofibrils contain?

A

Actin and Myosin myofilaments

26
Q

What happens in rigor mortis?

A

After death the body is no longer able to produce ATP by oxidative metabolism.
So muscles remain stiff and contracted as no ATP is present to break the bond between the myosin head and actin filament.

27
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

Single alpha motor neurone + all the muscle fibres it innervates

28
Q

What do fewer muscle fibres mean?

A

Greater movement resolution

29
Q

What is the final common pathway for motor control?

A

Motor unit

30
Q

Average number of muscle fibres innervated by a motor unit varies according to 2 functional requirements, what are these?

A

Level of control
Strength

31
Q

What is the size principle?

A

Units are recruited in order of size (smallest first)
Fine control typically required at lower forces

32
Q

What represents the ‘unit of control’ of muscle force?

A

Alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibres it connects to

33
Q

What is the motor pool?

A

All the lower motor neurones that innervate single muscle

34
Q

What does the motor pool contain?

A

Alpha and gamma motor neurones

35
Q

What are motor pools often arranged in?

A

Rod like shape within the ventral horn of the spinal column

36
Q

Where do alpha motor neurones originate in?

A

Spinal Cord

37
Q

What are cell bodies in the ventral horn activated by?

A

Sensory information from muscle
Descending information from brain

38
Q

What does a good control system need to know?

A

How much tension is on the muscle;
What is the length (stretch) of the muscle

39
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs located?

A

Within the tendon

40
Q

What is the main function of golgi tendon organs?

A

Sends ascending sensory information to the brain via the spinal cord about how much force there is in the muscle

41
Q

What are golgi tendon organs critical for?

A

Proprioception

42
Q

How do golgi tendon organs act under conditions of extreme tension?

A

Act to inhibit muscle fibres (via a circuit in the spinal cord) to prevent damage

43
Q

What do muscle spindles sense?

A

The length of muscles, i.e. the amount of stretch

44
Q

What are reflexes critical for?

A

The avoidance of injury and effective motor control

45
Q

What would happen if intrafusal muscle fibre was controlled by the same motor neurones as extrafusal muscle fibre?

A

When muscle is slack (or taught), the system won’t be sensitive to slight changes

46
Q

What are intrafusal fibres innervated by?

A

Gamma motor neurons

47
Q

What is the function of gamma motor neurones?

A

Keep the intrafusal fibres set at a length that optimises muscle stretch detection

48
Q

What is reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscle?

A

Explains why the contraction of one muscle induces the relaxation of the other

49
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A group of structures beneath the cortex that act as a ‘gate-keeper’ for control of the motor system (muscles)

50
Q

What are the 5 principle nuclei that make up the basal ganglia?

A

Substantia nigra
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus

Neuro (14 decks)

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