neuronal regulation of the cv and rs

Question 1

what are neurotransmitters in the CNS

Answer 1

glutamate
GABA
serotonin
dopamine
noradrenaline

Question 2

what are neurotransmitters in the PNS

Answer 2

noradrenaline
acetylcholine

Question 3

what is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 3

communicated with internal organs and glands
- sympathetic division
-parasympathetic division

Question 4

what is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 4

communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscle
- sensory (afferent)
-motor (efferent)

Question 5

what is the response of the sympathetic division and some examples?

Answer 5

fight of flight
- increases hr
- contracts blood vessels
- dilated bronchi
- inhibits mucous secretions

Question 6

what is the response of the parasympathetic division and their functions?

Answer 6

rest and digest
- reduces hr
- relaxes blood vessels
- contracts bronchi
-increases mucous secretion

Question 7

what is the stop points in the sympathetic ns called?

Answer 7

ganglia
they send a release of neurotransmitters to target tissue

Question 8

what receptor does acetylcholine bind to?

Answer 8

muscarinic

Question 9

what receptor does noradrenaline bind to?

Answer 9

adrenergic receptors

Question 10

what is vascular smooth muscles innervated primarily by?

Answer 10

sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors (adrenoreceptors)

Question 11

what are the types of adrenoceptors present in smooth muscle cells

Answer 11

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 2

Question 12

which adrenoceptors affect the heart ?

Answer 12

alpha 1 and beta 1

Question 13

what adrenoceptors affect the lungs?

Answer 13

alpha 2
beta 2

Question 14

what adrenoceptors causes constriction ans dilation?

Answer 14

alpha - constricts
beta - dilates

Question 15

what effect does beta 1 have on hr at the SA node?

Answer 15

increased hr

Question 16

what effect does alpha 1 receptors have on the intestines?

Answer 16

causes contraction

Question 17

what does beta 2 do to skeletal muscle in the lungs

Answer 17

dilates the airways

Question 18

what adrenoceptors cause glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis im the liver?

Answer 18

alpha 1 and beta 2

Question 19

what increases renin secretion in the kidneys

Answer 19

beta 1

Question 20

what is dual innervation?

Answer 20

can receive fibres from both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

Question 21

how do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 21

stroke volume x hr

Question 22

what is stroke volume?

Answer 22

amount of blood in one comtraction

Question 23

what is an example of an alpha one blocker and what is it used for?

Answer 23

doxazosin
reduces bloood pressure

Question 24

where is the respiratory centres located?

Answer 24

medulla and pons of brain

Question 25

what nerve sends impulses to the diaphragm

Answer 25

phrenic nerve

Question 26

what nerve sends impulses to intercostals muscles

Answer 26

intercostal muscle

Question 27

what detects carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and change in breathing rate?

Answer 27

chemoreceptors in the brain, carotid artery and aorta

Question 28

what do bronchodilators do?

Answer 28

act to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles increasing the airflow to the lungs

Question 29

what is an example of bronchodilators ?

Answer 29

beta 2 agonists (eg. salbutamol)
anticholinergics (eg. tiotropium)