drug delivery to the lungs and nose

Question 1

what does the anatomical structure of the airways prevent the entry of and promote?

Answer 1

the removal of airborne foreign particles including microorganisms

Question 2

what is the bronchi lined with ?

Answer 2

ciliated epithelial and goblet cells which secrete mucus to trap foreign material and remove them from the lungs (mucocililary clearance)

Question 3

why is the right lung large than the left?

Answer 3

has to accommodate displacement of the lungs in the thorax

Question 4

what are aerosols in pulmonary drug delivery?

Answer 4

solid or liquid particles dispersed in a gaseous phase

Question 5

What are factors effecting disposition?

Answer 5

• physiochemical properties of the drug
• formulation design
• delivery device
• patient factors

Question 6

what happens to the diameter of the conductive airway towards the alveoli?

Answer 6

it decreases

Question 7

what is particle size referred

Answer 7

Aerodynamic diameter, da

Question 8

what is the diameter of particle under examination

Answer 8

dp

Question 9

what is the equation for calculating aerodynamic diameter?

Answer 9

da= (p/p0)^0.5 x dp

Question 10

how does porous particles affect aerodynamic diameter and density?

Answer 10

makes it smaller
high porosity = low density
- might mean you can get further down lung bed to alveoli

Question 11

how can the porosity of a particle be manipulated?

Answer 11

choice of excipients
formulation processing during manufacturing

Question 12

what is the ideal mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)

Answer 12

2-5 micrometers (deposits within the bronchioles and alveoli

Question 13

What would an MMAD greater than 10 or less than 1 do?

Answer 13

> 10 - deposit in the upper airways
< 1 - during inhalation reach alveolar but exhaled again

Question 14

what can a high humidity and effects of the aerosol deposition?

Answer 14

can result in interaction with aerosol particle and change resultant aerodynamics

Question 15

How long is the half life of nicotine

Answer 15

relatively short (1hr)

Question 16

after how can nicotine be measured in the brain?

Answer 16

5-10 seconds after inhalation

Question 17

What are smoking cessation options?

Answer 17

Patches
Chewing gum
Sprays
Inhalators

Question 18

what conditions does air pollutants have an impact on?

Answer 18

Respiratory (asthma, COPD)
Cardiac disease ( coronary artery disease)

Question 19

what is the physiological effects of air pollutants?

Answer 19

Inflammation and oxidative stress on cardiovascular system
- RAS and SNS activation
- C-reactive protein fibrinogen, factor VIII
- endothelial activation and dysfunction

Question 20

what does PM2.5 inhalation promote?

Answer 20

microphage infiltration and release of inflammatory mediator

Question 21

what are examples of local drug delivery to the nose?

Answer 21

Nasal congestion
allergic rhinitis
localised infection

Question 22

what are examples of systemic drug delivery through the nose?

Answer 22

Migraines
Analgesics
Hormones

Question 23

where is vaccination immunisation through the nose

Answer 23

delivery of antigen to nasal associated lymphoid tissue

Question 24

why is there such a large surface area in the nose?

Answer 24

turbinates

Question 25

what is the role of turbinates along with the septum?

Answer 25

1. help perceive the level of airflow through our nose
2. clean and filter the air so that the potential pollutants such as dirt and dust do not enter the lungs
3. humidify the air to help prevent dryness of the lungs
4. warm the cold air to body temp which helps the lungs function more effectively

Question 26

what do most sinuses drain into?

Answer 26

the middle turnbinate

Question 27

what is IgAa?

Answer 27

immunoglobulins- one of the first forms of mucosal defence

Question 28

why is the conducting airway from the trachea lined with epithelial and goblet cells?

Answer 28

to secrete mucous and in combination trap foreign particles and to remove them from the lung

Question 29

after nasal instillation how much of the total dose administered is absorbed through mucosa and why?

Answer 29

less than 7%
- the absorbed fraction is excreted unchanged in the bile and urine
- remainder of dose if expelled from the nose or swallowed and excreted via the alimentary tract

Question 30

what is xylometazoline?

Answer 30

sympathomimetic agent with alpha adrenergic activity
- Constricts nasal blood vessels