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MP222 > Introduction to cv and rs > Flashcards

Introduction to cv and rs Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there a challenge in medicine for the pulmonary artery?

A

there is a low pressure exerted compared to the aorta

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2
Q

what are vessels called that carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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3
Q

What are the vessels that carry blood from organs and tissues back to the heart called?

A

veins

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4
Q

what is bronchial circulation?

A

complementary to pulmonary circulation, supplying lung cells with oxygen and nutrients

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5
Q

what need to happen to the pressure as it enters the capillary network?

A

it needs to significantly drop

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6
Q

what do valves do in veins?

A

prevent backflow of blood because the pressure is not significant enough

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7
Q

what is the blood flow into and out of the heart?

A

Vena cava
Right atrium
Right AV valve (tricuspid)
Right ventricle
Pulmonary (semi-lunar) valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Left atrium
Left AV valve (bicuspid)
left ventricle
aortic (semi-lunar) valve
Aorta

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8
Q

what is the tunica media in the arteries?

A

thick layer of smooth muscles

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscles in tunica media?

A

They contract and relax to modify the vessels diameter and the flow through the vessel

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10
Q

what can smooth muscle contraction determine?

A

blood pressure
(abnormalities can restrict blood flow and airways)

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11
Q

what is the activity of smooth muscle in the tunica media controlled by?

A

nerve supply, endogenous substances released from epithelium

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12
Q

what is the function of endothelial cells?

A
  • prevent thrombus formation - release mediators that inhibit platelet activation. Clotting is an essential part of healing but clots in the heart can be fatal
  • causes relaxation/contraction of underlying smooth muscle which contributes to resistance of blood flow (mostly release relaxing substances)
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13
Q

does noradrenaline promote relaxation or constrictions ?

A

Constriction

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14
Q

what is vascular tone?

A

the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle cells in the walls of small arteries and arterioles (always required to pump blood round body)

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15
Q

how can you measure blood pressure?

A

BP= CO x PVR

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16
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart

17
Q

what is the peripheral vascular resistance?

A

resistance of vessels to blood flow ( how opened or closed they are?

18
Q

what effect does a closed blood vessel have on PVR

A

increases it

19
Q

what is the internal homeostatic pressure receptors called and what do they do?

A

Baroreceptors
Send signals depending on changes in blood pressure
eg. if bp is too high a signal will be sent to the heart to release less blood

20
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

21
Q

what is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

heart muscle thickens (harder for muscle to pump blood)

22
Q

what are examples of drugs that reduce bp by targeting the receptors that modulate BP

A

ACE inhibitors eg. ramipril
beta-blockers eg. bisoprolol

23
Q

how do ace inhibitors work?

A

increased urine loss, reducing blood volume

24
Q

what are drugs that target oedema (fluid-retention)?

A

Furosemide

25
Q

what are the two zones of the lungs?

A

Conducting and respiratory zone

26
Q

what happens in the conducting zone?

A

no gas exchange

27
Q

what happens in the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange between air and blood (respiratory bronchioles reach alveolar sacs)

28
Q

what are the four stages of respiration?

A
  • Air moves into (inspiration) or out of (expiration) the lungs
  • exchange of O2 and Co2 between air in lung and blood in capillaries
  • transport of O2 and CO2 by blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • exchange of O2 and Co2 between blood and tissues
  • tissue/ cell use of O2 and production of CO2
29
Q

why is breathing so easy?

A

Properties of the lungs - compliant and elasticity
Surfactant
Pleural membranes

30
Q

what sensory inputs help control breathing rhythm?

A

peripheral and central chemoreceptors (higher areas of the brain)

31
Q

what does breathing depend on?

A

respiratory muscle excitation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles by their motor neutrons

32
Q

where does the control of neuronal activity of breathing occur?

A

medulla of the brain

33
Q

what are routes of administration for the respiratory system?

A

• Oral route - cough linctus
• Inhalation- quick absorption, act locally and systematically
•aerosols - nebuliser, metred-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers
• Nasal route - nasal sprays

34
Q

what are some examples of respiratory disorders?

A

Asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

35
Q

what is an example of a drug that leads to improved airway smooth muscle relaxation ?

A

salbutamol (beta-2 agonist)

MP222 (11 decks)

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