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MP222 > Blood as a transport system > Flashcards

Blood as a transport system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an erythrocyte?

A

a red blood cell

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2
Q

what is leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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3
Q

what are platelets

A

important in terms of clotting

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4
Q

what does plasma contain?

A

dissolved organic and inorganic substances
eg plasma proteins: albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

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5
Q

what is serum?

A

plasma with fibrinogen and other proteins involved in clotting removed

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6
Q

what are the different types of white blood cells?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophil
basophils

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7
Q

how much does plasma make up of blood?

A

55%

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8
Q

how much plasma is made of water?

A

90%

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9
Q

what is albumin?

A

a pH buffer and osmotic pressure

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10
Q

what is globulins?

A

binding proteins and antibodies

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11
Q

what are clotting proteins?

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

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12
Q

what is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

about 120 days

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13
Q

where are RBCs synthesised?

A

in red bone marrow by a process called erythropoiesis

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14
Q

what are RBCs filtered by?

A

the spleen and liver

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15
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

hormone from the kidneys
- triggers differentiation of stem cells to erythrocytes

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16
Q

what are features of RBCs

A
  • transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • bicocave disc
  • large SA
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • enzymes: glycolytic and carbonic anhydrase
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17
Q

what is oxyhaemoglobin?

A

when oxygen is bound to iron

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18
Q

what is deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

no oxygen bound to iron

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19
Q

what is carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

when carbon dioxide is bond to polypeptide chain

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20
Q

what is the normal haemoglobin content in males and females?

A

males: 13-18 g/dL
woman: 12-16 g/dL

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21
Q

how many ml in a decilitre?

A

100ml

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22
Q

what are requirements for RBC formation?

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

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23
Q

what is haemorrhagic anemia?

A

loss of blood from bleeding eg. wound, ulcer

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24
Q

what is haemolytic anemia?

A

erythrocytes rupture (infection, transfusion problems)

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25
Q

what is aplastic anemia?

A

red marrow problems (cancer treatments, marrow disease)
-no growth

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26
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia?

A

low iron levels
(diet; absorption, bleeding)

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27
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

low vitamin B12 (diet, intrinsic factor for vitamin B12)

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28
Q

where is intrinsic factor released?

A

parietal cells

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29
Q

what does the spleen and liver filter?

A

spleen - filters and removes old erythrocytes
liver - metabolises byproducts from breakdown of erythrocytes

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30
Q

what is iron transported by?

A

transferring to red bone marrow

31
Q

what is ferritin?

A

iron is stored bound to this in the liver spleen and SI
- healthy store of iron

32
Q

what do spleen macrophages do?

A

filter blood by phagocytosis of old fragile RBCs

33
Q

what is haemoglobin catabolised into in macrophages?

A

iron is removed
Haem is converted to bilirubin

34
Q

what happens to bilirubin as it’s released into the bloodstream?

A

travels to the liver for further metabolism
products of bilirubin catabolism are secreted in bile to the intestinal tract or released into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine

35
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

contain membrane bound granules

36
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

destroy and invest bacteria and fungi

37
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

WBCs without granules in cytoplasm ie. no membrane bound granules

38
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

(thymus) respond against virus infected cells and tumour cells

39
Q

what are B lymphocytes?

A

(bone) differentiate into different “plasma cells” which each produce antibodies against different antigens

40
Q

what are monocytes?

A

differentiate to become macrophages
serious appetites for infectious microbes largest of the leukocytes

41
Q

what is the physiological response to a cut?

A

injury/ damage

vessels contracts

platelet plug

Fibrin clot (limiting flow of blood through exit point)

42
Q

what are factors released from tissue and platelets when you get a laceration?

A

activating factors

43
Q

what are factors activated in plasma when you get a laceration?

A

clotting factors

44
Q

what clotting factors are important?

A

factor I - fibrinogen
factor II - prothrombin
factor XI - Plasma thromboplastin

45
Q

what is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

46
Q

what does thrombopoietin do?

A

regulates platelet production

47
Q

what is the lifespan of platelets?

A

7-10 days

48
Q

what is haemostasis?

A

stoppage of blood flow after damage

49
Q

what’s the role of thrombin?

A

activates platelets
causes vascular contraction
initiated in clotting cascade

50
Q

what are examples of naturally occurring anticoagulant proteins?

A

Protein S
Protein C
Anti-thrombin III

51
Q

what is the role of nitric oxide in the vascular endothelium?

A

powerful factor released that causes vascular relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation

52
Q

what is the role of the vascular endothelium?

A
  • inhibits blood clotting
  • surface not conductive to clot formation
  • displays membrane proteins that inhibit clotting (eg. heparin - anti—coagulation)
53
Q

what else does the vascular endothelium produce?

A

prostacyclin

54
Q

what is the role of plasmin?

A

breaks down fibrin mesh

55
Q

what is the process of a platelet plug forming,

A
  • platelets attach to damaged vessel wall to plug it
  • platelets produce thromboxane
  • serotonin/histamine release enhances vascular contraction
  • ADP - attracts and stimulates platelets at site
  • prostacylin - inhibition aggregation at other sites
  • A sharply cut vessel undergoes less spasm ie. bleeds longer than a tore vessel
56
Q

what is von willibrand?

A

a blood glycoprotein which promotes haemostasis

57
Q

what does extrinsic clotting pathway begin with? How is it initiated?

A

begins with exposed molecules on the vessel wall, tissue factor forms a complex with factor VIIa
This leads to the activation of factor Xa

Initiated by major trauma

58
Q

what is the intrinsic clotting pathway and how is it initiated

A

all components are in blood
initiated by minor wear or tear

59
Q

what does the stimulation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activate

A

Factor X
This activates prothrombin to convert to thrombin
Thrombin stimulates fibrinogen to fibrin mesh

60
Q

what limits normal clot growth?

A
  • blood moves too fast to allow pro- coagulants
  • factors interfere with normal clotting (eg. NO, prostacyclin)
61
Q

what does routine clotting testing comprise of?

A
  • Prothrombin time
  • Fibrinogen
  • activated partial thromboplastin time
  • thrombin time
  • D-dimer
62
Q

what is partial thromboplastin time (PT) as a ratio called?

A

INR = patient PT/ control PT
Ref: 0.8-1.2

63
Q

what is partial thromboplastin time used to monitor?

A

Warfarin

64
Q

What does prothrombin time measure?

A

Activation of factor x extrinsic factor

65
Q

what is mean cell volume (MCV)

A

volume of one red blood cell (large or small)

66
Q

what is mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)

A

Density of Hb in one cell (how red they are)

67
Q

why do men have more RBCs?

A

More testosterone which drives erythropoiesis

68
Q

What is hyperchromic, hypochromic and normochronic?

A

How red the blood cells are

69
Q

what type of anemia is microcytic hypochromic?

A

Iron deficiency

70
Q

What is the treatment of iron deficiency

A

Change in diet
Iron supplements (65mg ferrous and sulphate and 35mg gluconate)

71
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia ?

A

Folic acid deficiency

72
Q

What does it mean if you have antibodies against intrinsic factor?

A

Cannot produce B12
- need to get B12 injections as it’s not able to be absorbed through the GI tract

73
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature red blood cells (RBCs) produced in the bone marrow and released into the peripheral blood

MP222 (11 decks)

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