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Blood as a transport system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an erythrocyte?

A

a red blood cell

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2
Q

what is leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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3
Q

what are platelets

A

important in terms of clotting

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4
Q

what does plasma contain?

A

dissolved organic and inorganic substances
eg plasma proteins: albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

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5
Q

what is serum?

A

plasma with fibrinogen and other proteins involved in clotting removed

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6
Q

what are the different types of white blood cells?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophil
basophils

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7
Q

how much does plasma make up of blood?

A

55%

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8
Q

how much plasma is made of water?

A

90%

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9
Q

what is albumin?

A

a pH buffer and osmotic pressure

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10
Q

what is globulins?

A

binding proteins and antibodies

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11
Q

what are clotting proteins?

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

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12
Q

what is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

about 120 days

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13
Q

where are RBCs synthesised?

A

in red bone marrow by a process called erythropoiesis

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14
Q

what are RBCs filtered by?

A

the spleen and liver

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15
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

hormone from the kidneys
- triggers differentiation of stem cells to erythrocytes

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16
Q

what are features of RBCs

A
  • transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • bicocave disc
  • large SA
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • enzymes: glycolytic and carbonic anhydrase
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17
Q

what is oxyhaemoglobin?

A

when oxygen is bound to iron

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18
Q

what is deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

no oxygen bound to iron

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19
Q

what is carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

when carbon dioxide is bond to polypeptide chain

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20
Q

what is the normal haemoglobin content in males and females?

A

males: 13-18 g/dL
woman: 12-16 g/dL

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21
Q

how many ml in a decilitre?

A

100ml

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22
Q

what are requirements for RBC formation?

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

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23
Q

what is haemorrhagic anemia?

A

loss of blood from bleeding eg. wound, ulcer

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24
Q

what is haemolytic anemia?

A

erythrocytes rupture (infection, transfusion problems)

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25
what is aplastic anemia?
red marrow problems (cancer treatments, marrow disease) -no growth
26
what is iron deficiency anemia?
low iron levels (diet; absorption, bleeding)
27
what is pernicious anemia?
low vitamin B12 (diet, intrinsic factor for vitamin B12)
28
where is intrinsic factor released?
parietal cells
29
what does the spleen and liver filter?
spleen - filters and removes old erythrocytes liver - metabolises byproducts from breakdown of erythrocytes
30
what is iron transported by?
transferrin to red bone marrow
31
what is ferritin?
iron is stored bound to this in the liver spleen and SI - healthy store of iron
32
what do spleen macrophages do?
filter blood by phagocytosis of old fragile RBCs
33
what is haemoglobin catabolised into in macrophages?
iron is removed Haem is converted to bilirubin
34
what happens to bilirubin as it’s released into the bloodstream?
travels to the liver for further metabolism products of bilirubin catabolism are secreted in bile to the intestinal tract or released into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine
35
what are granulocytes?
contain membrane bound granules
36
what are neutrophils?
destroy and invest bacteria and fungi
37
what are agranulocytes?
WBCs without granules in cytoplasm ie. no membrane bound granules
38
What are T lymphocytes?
(thymus) respond against virus infected cells and tumour cells
39
what are B lymphocytes?
(bone) differentiate into different “plasma cells” which each produce antibodies against different antigens
40
what are monocytes?
differentiate to become macrophages serious appetites for infectious microbes largest of the leukocytes
41
what is the physiological response to a cut?
injury/ damage vessels contracts platelet plug Fibrin clot (limiting flow of blood through exit point)
42
what are factors released from tissue and platelets when you get a laceration?
activating factors
43
what are factors activated in plasma when you get a laceration?
clotting factors
44
what clotting factors are important?
factor I - fibrinogen factor II - prothrombin factor XI - Plasma thromboplastin
45
what is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
46
what does thrombopoietin do?
regulates platelet production
47
what is the lifespan of platelets?
7-10 days
48
what is haemostasis?
stoppage of blood flow after damage
49
what’s the role of thrombin?
activates platelets causes vascular contraction initiated in clotting cascade
50
what are examples of naturally occurring anticoagulant proteins?
Protein S Protein C Anti-thrombin III
51
what is the role of nitric oxide in the vascular endothelium?
powerful factor released that causes vascular relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation
52
what is the role of the vascular endothelium?
- inhibits blood clotting - surface not conductive to clot formation - displays membrane proteins that inhibit clotting (eg. heparin - anti—coagulation)
53
what else does the vascular endothelium produce?
prostacyclin
54
what is the role of plasmin?
breaks down fibrin mesh
55
what is the process of a platelet plug forming,
- platelets attach to damaged vessel wall to plug it - platelets produce thromboxane - serotonin/histamine release enhances vascular contraction - ADP - attracts and stimulates platelets at site - prostacylin - inhibition aggregation at other sites - A sharply cut vessel undergoes less spasm ie. bleeds longer than a tore vessel
56
what is von willibrand?
a blood glycoprotein which promotes haemostasis
57
what does extrinsic clotting pathway begin with? How is it initiated?
begins with exposed molecules on the vessel wall, tissue factor forms a complex with factor VIIa This leads to the activation of factor Xa Initiated by major trauma
58
what is the intrinsic clotting pathway and how is it initiated
all components are in blood initiated by minor wear or tear
59
what does the stimulation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activate
Factor X This activates prothrombin to convert to thrombin Thrombin stimulates fibrinogen to fibrin mesh
60
what limits normal clot growth?
- blood moves too fast to allow pro- coagulants - factors interfere with normal clotting (eg. NO, prostacyclin)
61
what does routine clotting testing comprise of?
- Prothrombin time - Fibrinogen - activated partial thromboplastin time - thrombin time - D-dimer
62
what is partial thromboplastin time (PT) as a ratio called?
INR = patient PT/ control PT Ref: 0.8-1.2
63
what is partial thromboplastin time used to monitor?
Warfarin
64
What does prothrombin time measure?
Activation of factor x extrinsic factor
65
what is mean cell volume (MCV)
volume of one red blood cell (large or small)
66
what is mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)
Density of Hb in one cell (how red they are)
67
why do men have more RBCs?
More testosterone which drives erythropoiesis
68
What is hyperchromic, hypochromic and normochronic?
How red the blood cells are
69
what type of anemia is microcytic hypochromic?
Iron deficiency
70
What is the treatment of iron deficiency
Change in diet Iron supplements (65mg ferrous and sulphate and 35mg gluconate)
71
What is megaloblastic anemia ?
Folic acid deficiency
72
What does it mean if you have antibodies against intrinsic factor?
Cannot produce B12 - need to get B12 injections as it’s not able to be absorbed through the GI tract
73
what are reticulocytes?
immature red blood cells (RBCs) produced in the bone marrow and released into the peripheral blood

MP222 (11 decks)

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