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Biology assessment 2 > Neuron structure and function > Flashcards

Neuron structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 features do mammalian neurones have

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrons
  • Axons
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2
Q

What does the cell body contain

A
  • Nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • mitochondria
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3
Q

What does the cell body produce

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What’re neurotransmitters used for

A

Pass signals from one neurone to the next

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5
Q

What’re dendrons

A

Short extensions from the cell body

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6
Q

What’re dendrites

A

extensions off the dendron

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7
Q

What’re dendrons responsible for

A

transmitting electrical impulses towards the cell body

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8
Q

What’re axons

A

Singular elongated nerve fibres

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9
Q

What do axons do

A

Transmit impulses away from the cell body

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10
Q

What shape is the fibre of the Axon

A

cylindrical in shape consisting of a very narrow region of cytoplasm

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11
Q

What’re the 3 types of neurones

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • relay
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12
Q

How do sensory neurones transmit impulses

A

from sensory receptor cell to a relay neurone, motor neurone or the brain

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13
Q

How many dendrons and axons do sensory neurones have

A
  • one dendron

- one axon

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14
Q

Where does the dendron carry the impulse on a sensory neurone

A

carries impulse towards the cell body

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15
Q

Where does the axon carry the impulse on a sensory neurone

A

carries impulse away from the cell body

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16
Q

Where do relay neurones transmit impulses

A

in-between neurones

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17
Q

Do relay neurones have dendrites

A

No only short axons and dendrons

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18
Q

What do motor neurones do

A

Transmit impulses from a relay neurone or sensory neurone to an effector

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19
Q

What’re examples of effectors

A

Muscles

Glands

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20
Q

What’re the axons and dendrites like on a motor neurone

A

one long axon

many short dendrites

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21
Q

what’s the electrical impulse pathway

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neurone
  • relay neurone
  • motor neurone
  • effector cell
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22
Q

What’re axons covered with

A

Myelin sheath

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23
Q

What’s the myelin sheath made of

A

Many layers of plasma membrane

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24
Q

What produces the membrane on the myelin sheath

A

schwann cells by growing around the axon many times

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25
Q

What’s made each time a schwann cell grow

A

a double later of phospholipid bilayer is laid down

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26
Q

What does the myelin sheath act as

A

an insulating layer and allows these myelinated neurones to conduct the electrical impulse faster

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27
Q

What’s the difference between the speed of myelinated and unmyelinated neurones

A
  • myelinated: 100m/s

- unmyelinated: 1m/s

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28
Q

What’s the gap difference between each adjacent schwann cell

A

2-3 micrometers um

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29
Q

What’s the gap known as in-between schwann cells

A

the node of Ranvier

30
Q

What happens to the electrical impulse in myelinated neurones

A

jumps from one node to the next along the neurone (faster)

31
Q

What happens to the electrical impulse in unmyelinated neurones

A

the electrical impulse doesn’t jump (slower)

32
Q

if there’s a difference in charge what is the membrane known to be

A

polarised

33
Q

What’s the resting potential unit

A

-70 mV

34
Q

What’s the resting potential

A

Voltage across the membrane when its at rest

35
Q

What’s the outside membrane like when a neurons at resting state

A

the membrane is positively charged compared to the inside

36
Q

What is the resting potential created and maintained by in a neurones membrane

A
  • sodium potassium pumps

- potassium ion channels

37
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do

A

Moves sodium ions out of the neurone

38
Q

Why can’t sodium ions move back into the neurone

A

The membrane isn’t permeable to sodium ions

39
Q

The neurone membrane being impermeable to sodium what does it create

A

sodium ion electrochemical gradient

40
Q

Why is there a sodium ion electrochemical gradient

A

there’re more positive sodium ions outside the cell than inside

41
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump move into the neurone

A

Potassium

42
Q

Is the neurone membrane permeable or not to potassium

A

It’s permeable

43
Q

What happens to potassium ions as the membrane is permeable to them

A

they diffuse back out through potassium ion channels

44
Q

What’re the 5 stages of action potentials

A
  • Stimulus
  • depolarisation
  • repolarisation
  • hyperpolarisation
  • resting potential
45
Q

What does a stimulus trigger in the ion channels

A

sodium ion channel in the cell membrane to open

46
Q

What happens if a stimulus is big enough

A

it’ll trigger a rapid charge in potential difference

47
Q

What happens to the inside of the neurone in the stimulus stage

A

the inside becomes less negative

48
Q

What’s the potential difference in depolarisation

A

around -55 mV opening voltage gated channels

49
Q

What’re voltage gated ion channels

A

channels that open at a certain voltage

50
Q

What feedback type is depolarisation stage

A

positive

51
Q

What’s the Pd in repolarisation stage

A

around +30 mV

52
Q

What happens to the channels in the repolarisation stage

A

sodium ion channels close

voltage gated potassium ion channels open

53
Q

What’s the neurone membrane more permeable to

A

potassium

54
Q

As the neurone membrane more permeable to potassium what affect does it have on the resting potential

A

Brings it back to normal

55
Q

What feedback type is repolarisation stage

A

negative feedback

56
Q

What’s hyperpolarisation

A

Potassium ion channels are slow to close so there’s a slight over shoot

57
Q

What’s the slight overshoot due to

A

too many potassium ions diffuse out of the neurone

58
Q

How does hyperpolarisation affect the resting potential

A

becomes more negative than resting potential (less than -70 mV)

59
Q

What occurs at the resting potential stage

A

all ion channels are reset

60
Q

What happens to some sodium ions when an action potential occurs

A

sodium ions that enter the neurone diffuse sideways which causes sodium channels in the next region to open

61
Q

What causes a wave of depolarisation

A

sodium ion channels opening in regions allowing sodium ions to diffuse into that region

62
Q

Where does the wave of depolarisation move

A

away from the parts of the membrane in the refractory period

63
Q

Why does the wave of depolarisation move away from parts of the membrane

A

these parts can’t fire an action potential

64
Q

What happens once the threshold is reached

A

Action potential will always fire with the same change in voltage

65
Q

Will a bigger stimulus affect the change in voltage

A

No, it’ll always be the same voltage no matter how big the stimulus

66
Q

What happens if the threshold isn’t reached

A

action potential won’t fire (all or nothing)

67
Q

What will a bigger stimulus cause

A

cause the stimulus to fire more quickly

68
Q

How does the brain interpret high frequency signals

A

a big stimulus and responds accordingly

69
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

An electrical insulator

70
Q

What is the myelin sheath made of in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cell

71
Q

Where does depolarisation occur in myelinated neurones

A

Nodes of Ranvier

72
Q

What does the neurones cytoplasm conduct enough of to do

A

electrical charge to depolarise the next node

Biology assessment 2 (9 decks)

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