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Biology assessment 2 > cell division > Flashcards

cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

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2
Q

What happens in G1 checkpoint

A

cell checks that chemicals needed for replication are present and for any damage to the DNA

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3
Q

What happens in S phase

A

cell replicates its DNA ready to divide by mitosis

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4
Q

What happens in G2 phase

A

cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell dividing are made

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5
Q

What happens in G2 checkpoint

A

the cell checks whether all the DNA has been replicated without any damage. if it has, the cell can enter mitosis

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6
Q

What happens in M phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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7
Q

What is mitosis needed for

A
  • growth and repairing damaged tissues

- asexual reproduction in plants animals and fungi

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8
Q

What’re the orders of mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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9
Q

When does interphase occur

A

Before mitosis in cell cycle, when cell grow and replicate their DNA ready for division

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10
Q

What happens to chromosomes in prophase

A

condense getting shorter and fatter

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11
Q

What happens to tiny proteins (centrioles) in prophase

A

start moving to opposite ends of the cell forming a network of protein fibres (spindles)

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12
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope and chromosomes in prophase

A

breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

What happens to chromosomes in metaphase

A

line up along the middle of the cell and attach to the spindle

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14
Q

Where do chromosomes attach to the spindle

A

by the centromere

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15
Q

What happens at the metaphase checkpoint

A

cell checks that all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle before mitosis continues

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16
Q

What’re separate strands of chromosomes called

A

chromatids

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17
Q

Why’re there to strands of chromosomes

A

each chromosome has already made an identical copy of its self during interphase

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18
Q

What happens to chromatids when mitosis is over

A

end up as one strand chromosomes in the new daughter cells

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19
Q

What happens to the centromeres in anaphase

A

they divide separating each pair of sister chromatids

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20
Q

What do the spindles do in anaphase

A

they contract pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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21
Q

What happens to chromatids in telophase

A

reach opposite poles on the spindle

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22
Q

What happens to chromatids once they reach opposite poles

A

they uncoil and become long and thin again (becoming chromosomes)

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23
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope in the telophase

A

it forms around each group of chromosomes so there are now 2 nuclei

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24
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm in cytokinesis

A

it divides

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25
Q

What happens to the cleavage furrow in animal cells

A

it forms to divide the cell membrane

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26
Q

What is formed when the cells divide

A

2 daughter cells that’re genetically identical to the original cells

27
Q

When does cytokinesis begin

A

in anaphase and ends in telophase

28
Q

Why would you stain a chromosome

A

So you can see them undergoing mitosis in a microscope

29
Q

How can you tell if a cell is in interphase

A

Chromosomes will be spread out and not condensed

30
Q

What slide preparation would you use to view chromosomes

A

squash slides making it easier to see the chromosomes

31
Q

What’s required in meiosis

A

2 gametes

32
Q

What happens when 2 gametes join together

A

form a zygote

33
Q

What happens when the zygote forms

A

divides and develops into a new organism

34
Q

What type of cell division is meiosis

A

happens in the reproductive organs to produce gametes

35
Q

What type of division is meiosis

A

reduction division

36
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the cells that divide by meiosis

A

full number of chromosomes

37
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the cells that’re formed by meiosis

A

half the number of chromosomes

38
Q

What’re haploid cells

A

cells with half the number of chromosomes

39
Q

Are cells formed by meiosis genetically different or identical

A

different as each cell ends up with a different combination of chromosomes

40
Q

In M1 prophase What happens to chromosomes

A

they condense getting shorter and fatter

41
Q

What happens in M1 prophase after chromosomes condense

A

arrange themselves into homologous pairs and crossing over occurs

42
Q

What do centrioles do in M1 prophase

A

move to opposite ends of the cells forming spindle fibres

43
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope in M1 prophase

A

breaks down

44
Q

What happens in M1 metaphase

A

homologous pairs line up across the centre of the cell and attach to the spindle fibres by their centromeres

45
Q

What happens in M1 anaphase

A

spindles contract separating the homologous pairs

46
Q

What happens in M1 telophase

A

nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

47
Q

What happens in M1 cytokinesis

A

2 haploid daughter cells are produced

48
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A
  • 46

- 23 pairs

49
Q

What are the chromosomes like that make up each pair

A

they’re the same size and have the same genes

could have different alleles

50
Q

What’re homologous pairs

A

chromosomes that have same size and genes

51
Q

What do the 2 daughter cells under go

A
  • Prophase II
  • metaphase II
  • anaphase II
  • telophase II
  • cytokinesis
52
Q

What happens in Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are separated

53
Q

What does each new daughter cell inherit

A

one chromatid from each chromosome

54
Q

What’s produced in anaphase II

A

four haploid daughter cells are produced

55
Q

What is crossing over

A

chromatids twist around each other and bits of chromosomes swap over

56
Q

After swapping over how are the chromatid’s different

A

they contain the same genes but now have a different combination of alleles

57
Q

What’re the 2 main events that lead to genetic variation

A
  • Crossing over of chromatids

- Independent assortment of chromosomes

58
Q

What does the crossing over of chromatids in meiosis allow

A

each of the 4 daughter cells formed from meiosis contains chromatids with different alleles

59
Q

What is each homologous pair of chromosomes in your cells made from

A

1 chromosome from your mum (maternal)

1 chromosome from your dad (paternal)

60
Q

How do cells choose which chromosomes end up in which daughter cell

A

It’s random

61
Q

Do the 4 daughter cells produced in meiosis have different or same maternal and paternal chromosomes

A

Different

62
Q

What’s independent assortment

A

separation of chromosomes

63
Q

What does the shuffling of chromosomes lead to

A

Genetic variation in any potential offspring

Biology assessment 2 (9 decks)

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