neuromuscular system

Question 1

what are the three muscle fibre types

Answer 1

slow twitch fibre (type 1)
fast twitch glycolytic (type 11b)
fast oxidative glycolytic (type 11a)

Question 2

what do the slow twitch fibres do

Answer 2

slow speed contraction
use of oxygen to to produce energy
high resistance to fatigue

Question 3

name a sporting example that would use slow twitch fibres

Answer 3

long distance runners

triathletes

Question 4

what do the fast twitch glycolytic fibres do

Answer 4

greatest anaerobic capacity 
lowest resistance to fatigue 
high force of contraction 
fastest contraction speed 
anaerobically produces energy

Question 5

name a sporting example that would use fast twitch glycolytic fibres

Answer 5

100m sprint

sprint to get a pass in hockey

Question 6

what do the fast oxidative glycolytic do

Answer 6

fatigue quickly
high glycolytic capacity
more resistance to fatigue than type 11b
higher force of contraction than slow twitch
faster contraction speed than slow twitch

Question 7

name a sporting example that would use fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

Answer 7

800m runner

1500m runner

Question 8

name 3 structural characteristics for slow twitch fibres

Answer 8

high mitochondria density
high triglyceride stores
high capillary density

Question 9

name 3 structural characteristics for fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

Answer 9

moderate capillary density
medium pc stores
medium mitocondrial density

Question 10

name 3 structural characteristics for fast twitch glycolytic fibres

Answer 10

low mitochondrial density
high PC stores
low capillary density§

Question 11

what is a motor unit

Answer 11

a motor nurone and its muscle fibres
only one type of muscle fibre can be found in one motor unit
each muscle is made up of many muscle units which vary in size

Question 12

what is a motor neurone

Answer 12

nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscle fibre.
each motor neurone has branches that that end in the neuromuscular junction on the muscle fibre

Question 13

what is the neuromuscular junction

Answer 13

where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet

Question 14

what is the all or none law

Answer 14

a sequence of impulses must be sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit to contract.
if the stimulus is not sufficient intensity then none will contract
it is not possible for a motor unit to contract

Question 15

what is the threshold

Answer 15

the minimum amount of stimulation required to start a contraction

Question 16

what is a muscle contraction

Answer 16

stimuli cause nerve impulses to be sent to the muscle which releases calcium, this must be present for the muscles to be contract

Question 17

what is wave summation

Answer 17

this is when nerve impulses are repeated with no time for the muscle to relax causing a build up of calcium
this produces a more forceful and sustained contraction known as a tetanic contraction

Question 18

what is a tetanic contraction

Answer 18

this produces a forceful sustained and smooth contraction

Question 19

what is spatial summation

Answer 19

this is when two or more impulses are received by the neurone at the same time at different places
recruits additional and bigger motor units within a muscle to develop more force
rotates the frequency of impulses to reduce fatigue and increase force of contraction

Question 20

what is PNF

Answer 20

advanced stretch technique

one of the most effective forms of flexability training for increasing the range of motion at a joint

Question 21

what technique does PNF use

Answer 21

CRAC technique 
Contract 
Relax 
Antagonise 
Contract

Question 22

what contraction does PNF use

Answer 22

isometric

Question 23

what is autogenic inhibition

Answer 23

a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to to high tension

Question 24

where are the Golgi tendon organs found

Answer 24

found between muscle fibre and tendon

Question 25

where are the muscle spindles found

Answer 25

found between skeletal muscle fibres

Question 26

what do the Golgi tendon organs detect

Answer 26

they detect the levels of tension in the muscle

Question 27

what do the muscle spindles detect

Answer 27

they detect how fast and far a muscle is being stretched

Question 28

what do the Golgi tendon organs do during PNF

Answer 28

isometric contraction caused inhibitory signals to the brain which caused antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen

Question 29

what do the muscle spindles do during PNF

Answer 29

central nervous system sends signals back for the muscle to contract triggering a stretch reflex to prevent overstretching