Neuromodulation PP Flashcards
What can neuroplastic changes be?
Adaptive (helping organism compensate)
Maladaptive (contribute to pathological conditions and disease)
What does cortical reorganization reflect?
Adaptive and maladaptive neuroplastic changes
One of the first to use electrical brain stimulation
Aldini
What is the effects of externally applied electric fields on individual neurons?
Suppression or elicitation respectively f action potential in neuronal elements close to the the electrodes
What is cathodic stimulation
Stimulation proximal to a physical cathode
Who is cortical stimulation commonly used by?
Neurosurgeons during awake craniotomy (to identify sensorimotor cortex and speech areas)
What is subcortical stimulation used to avoid?
Damage to deeper motor pathways during surgery for glioma resection
What does epidural electrode placement force electrical charge to flow through before reaching the cortex?
The dura and cerebrospinal fluid
What does deep brain stimulation involve?
The stereotactic implantation of lead-mounted electrodes into deeper brain structures implicated in the genesis of neurological disease
Targets of DBS for movement disorders
Subthalamic nucleus
Globus pallidus internus
Ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus
Targets for DBS for OCD
Anterior limb of internal capsule
Nucleus accumbent
Inferior thalamic peduncle
What can transcranial magnetic stimulation be used to stimulate?
Neural tissue in a non invasive manner due to lack of resistance to passage of magnetic field across tissue (including skull)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse types
Biphasic pulse - shorter duration
Monophonic pulse
Half-sine pulse
2 types of coils used for transcranial magnetic stimulation
Circular shaped coils
Figure of eight shaped coils
What is the greatest area of application for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?
Treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders
Which frequency and where has repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation proved efficient?
High freq applied to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Low freq applied to right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What is transcranial direct current stimulation a method for?
Modifying the behavior of neurons and neural networks using non depolarizing electrical current
Where are the electrodes placed in transcranial direct current stimulation and how many?
2 on the scalp
What can transcranial direct current stimulation produce improvement in?
Cognitive functions such as doing memory
Positive effects of neuromodulation has been found for addiction to
Cocain
Heroin
Meth
Smoking
Alcohol
The parasympathetic nervous system increases
salivary secretion
Who was the first to use electronic instrument to detect lying?
Criminologist Lombroso
What does the Keeler polygraph measure?
Electrodermal activity
Blood pressure
Respiration
Which event related potential has been utilized in detecting deception?
P300
What are some countermeasures in detection of deception?
Self induced pain
Muscular movements
Changes in breathing
Mental countermeasures (thinking about relaxing or exciting situations)
What is advantages of using ERP in deception detection?
They parents as dependent on emotional stimulus as traditional ANS measures in polygraphs
What does vigilance decrement refer to?
The drop in ability to detect random, infrequent signals over a period of time where a person is supposed to be attentive
What do theta waves reflect
Cognitive activity, are increased with increasing demand
What increases beta activity and where?
Increasing complexity
Primarily over frontal and central locations
What can visual ERP be used as a test of?
Visual acuity
How do dyslexics differ in the N400 response?
Latency and amplitude (begins later and is weaker)
What can P300 be used to asses?
Language function of patients with severe communication difficulties
What does the reduced amplitude of P300 in sons of alcoholic fathers indicate?
Genetic vulnerability to substance abuse
How does schizophrenia affect alpha and beta activity?
Less well organized alpha activity
More low voltage fast activity (beta)
In who are fewer spontaneous skin conductance responses and less finger pulse volume recorded?
Criminals scoring high on scale of psychopathy
Where can eye movement abnormalities be seen?
Psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders
What is biofeedback?
Providing immediate information regarding physiological processes an individual would normally be unaware of
When using biofeedback to induce a relaxed physical state, which EEG waves are modulated?
Alpha waves
What happens to EEG amplitudes with administration of LSD?
Decreased amplitude
Alpha rhythms disappear
Tracings become low in voltage and high in frequency
How does weed effect EEG?
Increases time spent in alpha and decreases time in bet and theta (high dose)
No effect at low dose
Smoking effects on EEG
Resting conditions: increase EEG frequency, decrease in alpha and theta and increase in beta activity
Herion effect on EEG
Decreas in EEG frequency within first 5 min
Alcohol effect on EEG
Increased activity at short term but slowing in brain activity in long term
Caffeine effect in EEG
Activating
Can hormones effect EEG?
Yes
Lack of oxygen on EEG
Slower frequency and higher amplitude
What does prenatal exposure to radiation result in?
Greater amount of delta wave activity and less theta in left hemisphere
What do tranquilizers do?
Suppress brain activity and function (ERP)
A face-specific ERP has been found at what post stimulus latency?
160 ms
