Nervous system and its electrical measures PP Flashcards
3 neurotransmission systems
Cholinergic system
Dopaminergic system
Serotoninergic system
What neurotransmitter is used in the Cholinergic system ?
Acetylcholine
Which sites does Acetylcholine act on?
Autonomic
Somatic
Cortical
2 classes of receptors for the acetylcholine/ in the Cholinergic system
Muscarinic
Nicotinic
How many subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the CNS?
5 (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5)
Where is the M1 receptor located?
Predominantly at the post-synaptic sites
What does the M1 receptor mediate?
Post-synaptic effects such as depolarization and suppression of spike-frequency
Which receptors are M1 functionally related to?
M3
M5
Where are the M2 receptors located?
both pre and post synaptic sites
Which receptors are M2 functionally related to?
M4
Which type of muscarinic receptor is involved in the cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission ?
M4
What type of receptor is nicotinic receptors (nAChRs)?
Ionotropic (directly opens ion channel)
What are nAChRs essential for?
Development
Regulation of cell death and survival
Plasticity and excitability
4 parts of the cholinergic system anatomy
Diffuse thalamocorticol projections
Sensory pathways
Thalamus
Midbrain reticular formation
What role does the cholinergic system play in healthy cognition?
Acetylcholine impacts:
Woking memory
Attention
Episodic memory
Spatial memory function
Modulatory influences on cellular physiology of hippocampal and cortical neurons
What effects does acetylcholine have on the function of individual neurons?
Depolarization
Reduction in spike frequency accommodation
Enhancement of long-term potential
Presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission
what are cholinergic synapses modified as a result of?
Learning
Which receptors are important in forming episodic memory?
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors
In which conditions does cholinergic disruption occur?
Neurodegenerative conditions (ex. Alzheimer’s)
Which regions do dopamine act on?
Cortical
Striatal
What group of neurotransmitters is dopamine a part of?
Catecholamines
Which is the main catecholamine?
Dopamine (80%)
What deaminates dopamine?
MAO-B
Through which protein does dopamine receptors mediate their effects?
G protein
Dopamine receptor types
D1-like receptors (agonist)
D2- like receptors (antagonist)
Which is the most abundant dopamine receptor in the brain?
D1/D1A
Which receptors are used in treating Parkinson’s?
D1 and D2 angonists
Different name for D1B
D5
What are D5 receptors involved with?
Maintaining dopaminergic tone and arousal
Ranking of affinity for antipsychotic clozapine of D2-like receptor
D3<D2<D4
The nigrostriatal pathway is part of which neurotransmitter system?
Dopaminergic
The mesolimbic pathway is part of which neurotransmitter system?
Dopaminergic
4 dopaminergic pathways
Mesolithic
Tubero-infundibular
Nigrostriatal
Mesocottical
2 diseases dopamine is involved with
Schizophrenia
ADHD
Essential element in brain reward system
Dopamine
Which brain system responds to rewards?
Mesencephalic dopamine system
Where does the nigrostriatal system extend its fibers to?
Caudate-putamen nucleus
Where does the nigrostriatal system originate?
Substantia nigra
Where do the mesolimbric and mesocortical pathways stem from?
Ventral tegmental area
Direct contributions to cognitive functions by the dopaminergic system
Working memory
Executive functions
Time estimation processes
Which dopamine receptor modulates working memory performance?
D2
Down regulation of which pathway is associated with emergence of negative symptoms (depression and apathy)
Pathway of dopaminergic system from ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex
Down regulation of which pathway is associated with emergence of positive symptoms (delusion and hallucination)
Pathway of dopaminergic system from ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex
What is serotonin and serotonin receptors important in the regulation of?
Virtually all brain functions
Name of the serotonin receptor system
5-HT
Where are most of the cell bodies of serotonergic neurons found?
Largely within the boundaries of the raphe nuclei of brainstem
Where does the serotonergic pathways originate?
Dorsal and median rahe nuclei
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
Who first described EEG?
Canon
EEG brainwaves
Gamma
Delta
Theta
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Which brainwave is characterized y a very low frequency and high amplitude?
Delta
Which imaging technique has the lowest spatial resolution
Electroencephalography (EEG)
When using biofeedback to induce a relaxed physical state, which EEG waves are modulated?
Alpha waves
EEG Coherence refers to:
The degree to which two areas are functionally or structurally connected
Which EEG waves reflect a relaxed physical state?*
Alpha waves
When are beta waves common?
When a person is metally or physically active
When does delta waves appear?
Only during sleep in normal individuals
What could delta waves indicate if observed in a person awake?
Brain abnormality (such as tumor)
When does theta waves occur?
During state of displeasure, pleasure and drowsiness in young adults
What do kappa waves appear to be associated with?
Thinking
What do lambda waves appear to be associated with?
Visual response resulting from shifting image of objects in a person’s visual field
What do gamma waves appear to be associated with?
Sensory stimuli such as clicks or flashes of lights
How ca brainwaves be recorded?
Electrodes attached to the scalp or cortex
What is the measurement of EEG amplitude measured directly on the surface of the cortex called?
Electrocorticogram
