Introduction PP Flashcards
Independant variable in psychophysiology
Psychological variables (ex. memory)
Independent variable in physiological psychology
Physiological variables (ex brain stimulation)
Dependent variable in psychophysiology
Physiological variables (ex heart rate and skin conductance)
Dependent variable in physiological psychology
Psychological variables (ex learning)
Explain Cartesian dualism
Physical and mental world -> separate entities
Physical processes were measurable and amenable to scientific laws
Subjective processes were immaterial and not measurable
Who founded the school of reflexology?
IM seckedov
What does the school of reflexology believe?
Internal experiences or thoughts are caused by sensory stimulation
Brain controls reflexes
Mental processes would control motor activity via simple physical circuit
Who believed physical circuit could not be isolated from the brain’s complex mesh of interconnected neurons?
Charles Sherrington
Who integrated physiology and psychology?
Donald O Hebb
Who proposed an integrative view of the brain?
Jerzy Konorski
What was central to Jerzy Konorski’s approach?
The idea of mental representation
4 main areas of the brain
Forebrain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
6 areas of the forebrain
Cerebral cortex
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Hippocampal formation
Medial temporal lobe
Diencephalon
3 areas of the brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
9 parts of the limbic system
Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Cingulate gyrus
Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Subcallosal gyrus
Dentate gyrus
Fornix
What is grey matter?
Area of cell bodies (neurons)
What is white matter?
Axon tracts
What are the infolding/ convolutions of the cerebral cortex called?
Giri or succi
4 lobes of each hemisphere of the brain
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
How many regions of the cerebral cortex did Brodmann identify in 1909?
Approximately 52
Functional divisions of the cerebral cortex
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Somatosensory areas of parietal lobe
Visual processing areas in occipital lobe
Auditory processing areas of the temporal lobe
Association cortex
2 pathways of the parietal lobe
S1 anterolateral system (pain and temperature sense)
S2 medial system (touch, proprioception and movement)
What does the association cortex do?
Deals with higher mental processes (composed of regions that receive inputs from one or more modalities)
3 main cerebral arteries
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Different name for midbrain
Mesencephalon
Different name for pons
Metencephalon
Different name for medulla
Myelencephalon
Which part of the brain is key in maintaining posture, walking and performing coordinate movements?
Cerebellum
How many pairs of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
43 in total
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate and coordinate?
Many important bodily activities (ex body temp, BP, emotional behavior)
Main function of autonomic nervous system
Keep content internal body environment in face of internal and external changes
3 types of cells the autonomic system involves
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glandular (secretory) cells
2 main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Which control are the sweat glands under?
Cholinergic control
What are the adrenal glands controlled by?
Sympathetic nervous system
Different name for the sympathetic nervous system
Thoracic-lumbar system
How many ganglia make up the sympathetic chain
22
Why is PNS activity more specific than SNS?
Because PNS ganglia are located near target organ
Function of olfactory nerve/bulb
Sensory
Upper nasa passage (smell)
Function of optic nerve
Sensory
Extension of brain tissue
Function of oculomotor nerve
Motor
Turning of eyes and pupillary contraction
Origin: midbrain
Function of trochlear nerve
Motor
Controls superior oblique eye movements
Origin: midbrain
Function of trigeminal nerve
Sensory of motor
Sense of touch from head
Origin: pons-medulla junction in brainstem
Function of abducens nerve
Motor
Controls up, down, horizontal due movements
Origin: pons-medulla junction in brainstem
Function of facial nerve
Sensory and motor
Conveys taste from front 2/3 of tongue
Controls face and scalp muscles and salivary gland secretion
Origin: medulla
Function of auditory-vestibular nerve
Sensory
Hearing and balance
Responsible for sense of equilibrium
Origin: medulla
Function of glossopharyngeal nerve
Sensory and motor
Taste from back 1/3 of tongue
Motor control of Orans of the throat and salivary glands
Origin: thalamus and medulla
Function of vagus nerve
Sensory and motor
Sensory stimuli from thoracic and abdominal viscera
Motor to tongue, heart, smooth muscle of lungs and most abdominal organs
Origin: Medulla
Function of spinal-accessory nerve
Motor
Vocal organs, head and back
Origin: medulla
Function of Hypoglossal nerve
Motor
Muscles of tongue and neck
Origin: medulla
What is Law of initial values (LIV)?
Psychophysiological concept that focuses on level of pre-stimulus activity for a physiological measure as determinant of the magnitude of a physiological response
What is autonomic balance?
Psychophysiological concept that provide (along with A score) a useful mechanism through which the relative dominance of PNS or SNS of individual may be established (ex SNS more involved in anxiety)
What is the concept of activation?
Psychophysiological concept that attempts to explain relationship between variations in level of physiological activity and changes in behavior
Weakness of the activation concept
Lack of precision an a priori optimal physiological conditions in which level of activation has not been purposely manipulated
Failure to consider different patterning of physiological responses in different situations
What is the directional fractionation effect?
One physiological measure increases and another decreases simultaneously
What is the stimulus response to specificity?
Psychophysiological concept that refers to a pattern of physiological responses specific for a particular stimulus situation
What is the cardiac somatic concept?
Psychophysiological concept that states that cardiac response changes are seen as facilitating the preparation for and performance of a behavioral response
What are biological manifestations of changes in attention?
Reduction in somatic and cardiac activity
What is Hebb’s cell assembly theory and ERPs?
Brain theoretical approach to describe how groups of neurons enable learning, perception and cognitions
Cell groups are the basic elements for cognitive functions
What kind of activity of neurons is measured by EEG
Both excitatory and inhibitory activity by neurons
Name of cell body of Neuron
Soma
What determines the action of the neurotransmitter?
Nature of the postsynaptic neuron
Types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory (ex acetylcholine, serotonin)
Inhibitory (ex GABA)
